chapter 18 vocabulary and definitions...
TRANSCRIPT
BellworkChapter 18 Vocabulary and Definitions
Chapter 18Classical and
Romantic
18.1 Music of the Classical Period
● Classical Period 1750-1825● Era of intellectual enlightenment ● Rise of a new Middle Class● Music “Of and For the Masses”● Sonata- work in several movements for one or more instruments● Audiences liked instrumental soloists to display their technique in the same
way that singers had in Baroque Opera.
Classical Music● Reflected the Scientific Thinking of the time● Baroque music was grand and intricate, Classical was simpler, more direct
and more accessible to listeners. ● Classical composers made order and form top priorities in music. ● Classical composers almost always wrote their works for special occasions.
These included: Coronations, Weddings, Funerals, etc…● Depended on Patronage to survive● Music publishing also flourished during the Classical era.
The Concerto Evolves● Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- one of the leading figures of the Classical
period.● Wrote masterpieces in all musical forms of the day.● Wrote concertos just like Vivaldi did. Kept the same form (fast, slow, fast) but
that is where the similarities ended. Mozart Vivaldi
Added woodwinds, trumpets, horns, and timpani Strings
Overall larger orchestra Strictly Solo and Ripino
Blended solo parts with orchestra Terraced Dynamics
Full range of ydynamics
Development of the Symphony● Symphony-extended work for orchestra with several contrasting
movements.● Mozart was one of the Great Symphony writers.● Franz Joseph Haydn is credited with the creation of the form● Called “Papa Haydn”● Wrote over 100 symphonies● Established the 4 contrasting movements: Fast, Slow, Minuet, Fast.● Haydn’s symphonies upheld the classical ideals that music be easily
understood, be ordered, and use musical ideas efficently.
Haydn: Symphony No. 101 in D, 1st Movement● Known as The Clock
Sonata Allegro Form● Sonata Allegro Form- ABA form composed of three sections: exposition,
development, and recapitulation.● Exposition: (A Section) presentation of the main music ideas. Usually this
section presents two themes that run throughout the movement.● Development: (B Section) an elaboration of one or both themes. This is
accomplished through key change or other techniques. Motives based on one or both themes are central to the development
● Recapitulation: Restatement or repetition of the main thematic material (A Section) Often, the recap makes dynamic adjustments so as to dramatize the themes.
Sonata Allegro Form, Contd’ ● Coda- A short concluding section of a piece of music that essentially ties
together the main thematic threads and ends the piece. (C Section)● Most will have a coda. ● Mozart Symphony No. 40 in G Minor
○ Identify Themes○ Identify Sections (ABA, Coda)
Rondo Form● Rondo- a composition consisting of a recurring theme alternating with
contrasting sections. ● ABACAD, etc…..● Haydn’s Piano Trio No. 39 in G● “Gypsy Rondo” (Rondo all’Ongarese)● Translated “Rondo in a Hungarian Style”● Haydn draws on Hungarian folk melodies● Incorporating traditional melodies in his compositions was a technique he
often used to make his music more accessible.
18.2 Ludwig van Beethoven
● Born: December 17, 1770● Died: March 26, 1827● Early music training was from mediocre teachers.● Turning point in 1786 when the 18 year old Beethoven visited Vienna.● Count Waldstein became his patron, and studied with Haydn and other
notable composers. ● Keyboard virtuoso. ● First published works were met with immediate success at the age of 25.● Known as the composer who spanned the bridge between the Classical and
Romantic periods.
Beethoven’s Sonatas● Sonata Structure
○ Have 3 or 4 movements○ Follows a fast/slow/fast structure with an added minuet or scherzo for some.○ Scherzo-vigorous and sometimes lighthearted movement in triple meter with a middle
section or trio.○ First Movement typically follows Sonata Allegro Form○ Second Movement typically does too, or in two part form (AB)○ Third Movement typically is in three part form, or rondo, or Sonata Allegro.
● Sonata movements can stand on their own, but make more sense as a whole.
Beethoven’s Symphonies● His Symphonies mark a distinct departure from the works of composers
who came before him.● Wrote 9 Symphonies total - (Mozart = 41)● One of the most famous was the 5th Symphony.● One of the most well known motives in music history.● Sometimes repeats the motive exactly, it is also imitated in higher or lower
voices, rhythmically modified, or the melody changed slightly.● Two themes. 1st is strong and simple, 2nd is light and flowing.
Bellwork 9/5● Explain the similarities and differences of the concertos of Vivaldi and
Mozart?● Who is known as the Father of the Symphony?● Explain Sonata Allegro Form.● Beethoven is known as the composer who spanned the Classical and
Romantic periods. Why?
Beethoven’s 9th Symphony
● Premiered in Vienna in 1824● Follows an emotional progression of Dark to Light● Beethoven was completely deaf when he composed this work● He was no stranger to suffering
○ Mother died of tuberculosis when he was 17○ Father died 4 years later
● Hearing problems began at 27 and worsened over 20 years until he was completely deaf.
Beethoven’s 9th Symphony● 4th Movement● Sings of the triumph of the human spirit over adversity● The well known “Ode to Joy” came from this movement● Opens with discord, the joy theme tries to come through, but is rejected● Finally, the whole orchestra states the Joy theme and is met with rebellion● Solo baritone calls for people to join in rejoicing● The mood becomes more and more jubilant, rising to shouts of ecstasy,
Beethoven’s dream of a liberated humanity.
18.3 The Romantic Period
● Romantic Period- a period during the 19th Century and early 20th Century (1825-1900) when composers created music that often exposed with emotion.
● Roots of Romanticism lay in a revolt against formalism. ● It rejected Classicism’s attempt to impose laws on nature, instead its goal
was to emancipate human feeling● The opposite of complete intellectual rule is complete emotional rule, and
both extremes present disadvantages and difficulties.
The Art Song● Art Song- a composition for solo voice and piano● Use of poetry and music together● Many composers would work with a poet to write● “The Erlking”-written in 1815 by German composer Franz Schubert, poet
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.● Poem depicts a struggle between the father of a very ill son and the figure
the Erlking, who symbolizes death. ● Singer must play 4 parts throughout the song: Narrator, Father, Son, Erlking.● Accompaniment symbolizes the frantic gallop of the horse, also creates a
sense of urgency to save the son.
The Erlking● Does not have a series of verses and a recurring chorus● This song is known as a style of writing called through composed● This is a type of composing where different music is provided for each
stanza of the poem● It allows the composer to give a distinct musical setting that benefits the
text.
Franz Schubert● Regarded as one of the most respected composers of the German art song● Schubert took his genius for melody and applied it to the simple, short
popular song, and raised the art form to a new level.● Born in Vienna and studied violin, piano, organ, singing, and theory.● By the age of 11, he was admitted to the Vienna Court Choir● When he was 17, he had composed 144 songs, including The Erlking● He wrote over 600 lieder during his lifetime● Lieder- German Art Song● Lead a disorganized life, had a difficult time publishing his works and
making a living
Program Music● Program Music- Instrumental compositions that attempt to convey a
specific ideas without using lyrics. ● Franz Liszt credited with its creation● Hector Berlioz furthered this idea with the Program Symphony● Program Symphony- pictorial or descriptive orchestral work in several
movements.● Berlioz’s “Symphonie Fantistique”
○ Can be listened to on 2 Levels:■ Music Description■ Pure Musical Expression
● Urged that orchestras distributed program notes to audiences
Symphonie Fantistique● 5 Movements
○ Dreams and Passions○ A Ball○ Scene in the Country○ March to the Scaffold○ Dream of Witches’ Sabboth”
● Uses an ide´e fixe- literally Fixed Idea- fixed melodic idea that recurs throughout all movements of a symphony
● Idée Fixe is theme of his beloved (Harriet Smithson)● As a Romantic composer, had skills that allowed him to communicate his
ideas in great detail, including colorful orchestration
Hector Berloiz● Born in La Cote-Saint-Andre´, France 1803-Died 1869● Began professional life studying medicine ● Left that to study music● Infatuated with Harriet Smithson (French Actress), whom he eventually
married● Symphonies
○ Harold in Italy○ Romeo and Juliet
● Choral Works○ The Damnation of Faust○ Te Deum○ Requiem○ L’enfance du Christ
9/7 Bellwork● How old was Beethoven when he started to lose his hearing?● Franz Schubert wrote ______________, one of his 600 ___________.● The Erlking is a form of ______________.● Hector Berlioz wrote ___________________, a form of _____________.● The Fantastic Symphony uses an _______________, the theme of his
beloved.
18.4 Nationalism in Music● Near the end of the Romantic period, composers started using their music as
an expression of nationalistic pride.● These works included folk songs, dances, and legends associated with the
composer's homeland.● Tone Poem- type of program music written for textual materials including
stories or plays● Some tone poems are relatively short, often consisting of a single movement● Some are longer and can be symphony length (Symphonic Poem)● Some are in sonata form, rondo, or theme and variations.
The Moldau● Composed by Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)● Wrote the piece as the second section of a suite dedicated to his
Czechoslovakian homeland. ● His inspiration was an excursion down the River Moldau, the longest river in
what is now known as the Czech Republic.
Pictures at an Exhibition● Modest Mussorgsky- Russian● Composed for Piano with the idea of displaying an art gallery in musical
form.● Work is in 10 Movements, each depicting a different artwork by the
composers recently deceased friend, Victor Hartmann● Connected by a Promenade theme, meant to depict Mussorgsky walking
between pictures. ● Shifting rhythms to show Mussorgsky's own uneven gait.
Great Gate of Kiev● Finale● It is in honor of Hartmann’s design for a gate planned for the Russian city of
Kiev.● Gate was never built.
Richard Wagner● Embodied the dark side of Romanticism-Unconstrained emotion● Called his operas- Music Dramas● Stormy, egotistical type● Spent his lifetime borrowing money and eluding credtors● Despite these flaws, he wrote works of power and expressiveness
The Ring Cycle● The Ring of Nibelung
○ Made up of 4 Full Operas■ Die Gotterdammerung (The Twilight of the Gods)■ The Rhine Gold■ The Valkyrie■ Siegfried
○ Operas were written in reverse order● He created a world where gods and goddess have human flaws and feelings● Took 28 years-1848-1876- to write● He learned how to wring every drop of expressiveness out of an orchestra.● Able to portray emotion effectively because he used the orchestra to
comment on the action on stage
