chapter 2
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Chapter 2. Investigating System Requirements. Chapter 2. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World 6 th Ed Satzinger, Jackson & Burd. Chapter 2 Outline. Systems Analysis Activities What Are Requirements? Models and Modeling Stakeholders Information-Gathering Techniques - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 1
Chapter 2
Investigating System Requirements
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World 6th Ed
Satzinger, Jackson & Burd
Chapter 2
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 3
Chapter 2 Outline Systems Analysis Activities What Are Requirements? Models and Modeling Stakeholders Information-Gathering Techniques Documenting Workflows with Activity
Diagrams
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This Chapter Focuses onSystems Analysis Activities
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Systems Analysis Activities Gather Detailed Information
Interviews, questionnaires, documents, observing business processes, researching vendors, comments and suggestions
Define Requirements Modeling functional requirements and non-functional
requirements Prioritize Requirements
Essential, important, vs. nice to have Develop User-Interface Dialogs
Flow of interaction between user and system Evaluate Requirements with Users
User involvement, feedback, adapt to changes
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What Are Requirements? Defined (Webster’s third dictionary)
requirement n -S : something required: a : something that is wanted or needed: NECESSITY b : something called for or demanded : a requisite or essential
condition : a required quality, course, or kind of training
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Different Types of Requirements System Requirements
Functional requirements Non-functional requirements
Functional Requirements– the activities the system must perform Business uses, functions the users carry out Use cases in Chapter 1
Non-Functional Requirements– other system characteristics Constraints and performance goals
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FURPS+ Requirements AcronymFunctional requirementsUsability requirementsReliability requirementsPerformance requirementsSecurity requirements+ even more categories…
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FURPS+ Requirements Acronym
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Models and Modeling How do we define requirements? After collecting
information, create models Model– a representation of some aspect of the
system being built Types of Models
Textual model– something written down, described Graphical models– diagram, schematic Mathematical models– formulas, statistics, algorithms
Unified Modeling Language (UML) Standard graphical modeling symbols/terminology
used for information systems
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Some Analysis and Design Models
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Reasons for Modeling Learning from the modeling process Reducing complexity by abstraction Remembering all the details Communicating with other development team members Communicating with a variety of users and stakeholders Documenting what was done for future
maintenance/enhancement Finding/correcting areas where errors/inefficiencies
occur Modelling is not a linear process!
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StakeholdersWho do you involve and talk to? Stakeholders– persons who have an interest in the
successful implementation of the system Internal Stakeholders– persons within the organization External stakeholders – persons outside the
organization Operational stakeholders – persons who regularly
interact with the system Executive stakeholders– persons who don’t directly
interact, but use the information or have financial interest
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Stakeholders of a comprehensive accounting
system for public company
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RMO Internal Stakeholders
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Information Gathering Techniques Interviewing users and other stakeholders Distributing and collecting questionnaires Reviewing inputs, outputs, and documentation Observing and documenting business
procedures Researching vendor solutions Collecting active user comments and
suggestions
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Interviewing Users and Other Stakeholders
1. Prepare detailed questions2. Meet with individuals or groups of users3. Obtain and discuss answers to the questions4. Document the answers5. Follow up as needed in future meetings or
interviews
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Themes for Information Gathering Questions
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Preparing for Interview
Other Considerations for Interviews Target certain people
“super users” Make sure that all questions are relevant
Time is money This is a good chance to get buy-in from the user! Focus groups may be appropriate Anonymity may also be appropriate Location? Compensation? After every interview, review and change the agenda as
needed
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Interview Session Agenda
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Keeping an Open Items List
Used if a question requires follow-up (ie it cannot be answered by an interviewee in an interview)
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Distribute and Collect Questionnaires
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Review Inputs, Outputs, and Procedures
* Blank ones or filled out ones?
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Additional Techniques Observe and Document Business Processes
Watch and learn Document with Activity diagram (next section)
Research Vendor Solutions See what others have done for similar situations White papers, vendor literature, competitors “best practices” or “common practice”
Collect Active User Comments and Suggestions Feedback on models and tests Users know it when the see it
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Documenting Workflows with Activity Diagrams Workflow
sequence of processing steps that completely handles one business transaction or customer request
Activity Diagram describes user (or system) activities, the person who
does each activity, and the sequential flow of these activities
Useful for showing a graphical model of a workflow A UML diagram
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Activity Diagram for RMO Order Fulfillment
Can be “as-is”as well as “to-be”
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Activity Diagrams Symbols
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Activity Diagram with Concurrent Paths
Questions/Discussion
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