chapter 2 chapter 2: planning for server hardware
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware
Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware
Chapter 2
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Explain the hardware requirements for Explain the hardware requirements for Windows 2000 ServerWindows 2000 Server
Explain the importance of using Explain the importance of using Microsoft’s hardware compatibility listMicrosoft’s hardware compatibility list
Determine specifications for your server Determine specifications for your server in terms of the right processor type, bus in terms of the right processor type, bus type, and advanced bus featurestype, and advanced bus features
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Learning Objectives (continued)Learning Objectives (continued)
Select the right network interface card Select the right network interface card (NIC) for your server(NIC) for your server
Calculate the amount of memory needed Calculate the amount of memory needed for your serverfor your server
Plan disk capacity, disk architecture, and Plan disk capacity, disk architecture, and fault tolerancefault tolerance
Plan a backup system and CD-ROM Plan a backup system and CD-ROM specificationsspecifications
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System RequirementsSystem Requirements
Use the Windows 2000 Server basic Use the Windows 2000 Server basic system requirements as a starting point system requirements as a starting point from which to develop server computer from which to develop server computer specificationsspecifications
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Windows 2000 Server Hardware RequirementsWindows 2000 Server
Hardware Requirements
Component Intel Processor Pentium 166 MHz or faster Display VGA or better Memory (RAM) 64 MB for five or fewer clients and 128 MB
for larger networks Hard disk space 685 MB for system files (2 GB
recommended)
Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Server
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Windows 2000 Server Hardware Requirements (continued)
Windows 2000 Server Hardware Requirements (continued)
Component Intel
Floppy disk drive High-density 3.5-inch
CD-ROM drive Required for installations not performed
over the network (12X or faster)
Network interface card (NIC) Required to connect to the network
Mouse or pointing device and
keyboard
Required
Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Server
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Windows 2000 Professional Hardware Requirements
Windows 2000 Professional Hardware Requirements
Component Intel Processor 486 MHz or faster (Pentium recommended
for better performance) Display VGA or better Memory (RAM) 32 MB (64 MB is recommended for better
performance) Hard disk space 500 MB for system files (1 GB
recommended for better performance)
Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Professional
Chapter 2
Windows 2000 Professional Hardware Requirements (continued)
Windows 2000 Professional Hardware Requirements (continued)
Component Intel
Floppy disk drive High-density 3.5-inch
CD-ROM drive Required for installations not performed
over the network (12X or faster)
Network interface card (NIC) Required to connect to the network
Mouse or pointing device and
keyboard
Required
Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Professional
Chapter 2
Windows 2000 Server Compatibility
Windows 2000 Server Compatibility
Check the Microsoft hardware Check the Microsoft hardware compatibility list (HCL) before selecting compatibility list (HCL) before selecting computer hardware for a servercomputer hardware for a server
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Hardware Listed in the HCLHardware Listed in the HCL
Single-processor computersSingle-processor computers Multiprocessor computersMultiprocessor computers Processor upgradesProcessor upgrades PCMCIA hardwarePCMCIA hardware SCSI adapters and drivesSCSI adapters and drives Video adaptersVideo adapters
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Hardware listed in the HCL (continued)
Hardware listed in the HCL (continued)
Network adaptersNetwork adapters Audio adaptersAudio adapters ModemsModems PrintersPrinters Tape devicesTape devices Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)
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CPU SizingCPU Sizing
Select a fast processor Select a fast processor Choose a processor that has a fast Choose a processor that has a fast
clock speedclock speed
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Pentium ComputersPentium Computers
Processor cache: A data storage area Processor cache: A data storage area that is only used by the system that is only used by the system processor.processor. Level 1 (L1) cache, usually 8 - 64 KB, built Level 1 (L1) cache, usually 8 - 64 KB, built
into the processorinto the processor Level 2 (L2) cache that supplements L1 Level 2 (L2) cache that supplements L1
cache and is usually 256 KB to 1 MB.cache and is usually 256 KB to 1 MB.
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L2 Cache in Different Pentium Processors
L2 Cache in Different Pentium Processors
Pentium processor: L2 cache is usually an Pentium processor: L2 cache is usually an SRAM chip on the mother boardSRAM chip on the mother board
Pentium Pro: L2 cache is built into the chipPentium Pro: L2 cache is built into the chip Pentium II and III: L2 cache is on a Pentium II and III: L2 cache is on a
daughter boarddaughter board Celeron processor: has no L2 cacheCeleron processor: has no L2 cache Xeon processor: has special L2 caching for Xeon processor: has special L2 caching for
extra speedextra speed
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Multiprocessor ComputersMultiprocessor Computers
Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP): employs two or more processors, including some computers that can support up to 32 processors
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Clustering ComputersClustering Computers
Shared disk model: Linking two or more Shared disk model: Linking two or more servers to operate as one and to equally servers to operate as one and to equally share resourcesshare resources
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Shared Disk ClusteringShared Disk Clustering
Hub
Server
Server
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Tape drive
CD-ROMarray
Figure 2-1 Shared disk clustering modelFigure 2-1 Shared disk clustering model
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Clustering ComputersClustering Computers
Shared disk nothing model: Linking two Shared disk nothing model: Linking two or more servers to operate as one, but or more servers to operate as one, but with each owning particular disk, CD-with each owning particular disk, CD-ROM, and tape resourcesROM, and tape resources
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Shared Nothing ClusteringShared Nothing Clustering
Figure 2-2Figure 2-2Shared nothing Shared nothing clustering modelclustering model
Hub
Server
Server
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Tape drive
CD-ROMarray
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Tape drive
CD-ROMarray
M ain connection
M ain connection
Backupconnections incase of server
fa ilure
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Bus ArchitecturesBus Architectures
Industry Standard (ISA): 8-bit and 16-bit Industry Standard (ISA): 8-bit and 16-bit bus architecture dating to the early bus architecture dating to the early 1980s1980s
Extended Industry Architecture (EISA): Extended Industry Architecture (EISA): 32-bit bus built on the ISA architecture 32-bit bus built on the ISA architecture with faster throughput by means of bus with faster throughput by means of bus masteringmastering
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Bus Architectures (continued)Bus Architectures (continued)
Micro channel Architecture (MCA): 32-Micro channel Architecture (MCA): 32-bit bus proprietary to IBM computers bit bus proprietary to IBM computers and having a slightly faster transfer rate and having a slightly faster transfer rate than EISAthan EISA
Peripheral Computer Interface (PCI): Peripheral Computer Interface (PCI): 32-bit and 64-bit bus with the fastest 32-bit and 64-bit bus with the fastest data transfer rate and local bus data transfer rate and local bus capabilitycapability
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Plug and PlayPlug and Play
Plug and Play: Ability of added Plug and Play: Ability of added computer hardware, such as an adapter computer hardware, such as an adapter or modem, to identify itself to the or modem, to identify itself to the computer operating system for computer operating system for installationinstallation
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USBUSB
Universal serial bus: A bus standard that Universal serial bus: A bus standard that enables you to attach all types of devices – enables you to attach all types of devices – keyboards, cameras, pointing devices, keyboards, cameras, pointing devices, telephones, and tape drives, for example – to telephones, and tape drives, for example – to one bus port on a computer. Up to 127 devices one bus port on a computer. Up to 127 devices can be attached to one port and it is not can be attached to one port and it is not necessary to power off the computer when you necessary to power off the computer when you attach a device. USB was developed to replace attach a device. USB was developed to replace the traditional serial and parallel bus the traditional serial and parallel bus technologies on computers.technologies on computers.
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Choosing NICsChoosing NICs
Network interface card: Network interface card: An adapter board designed to connect a workstation, server, or other network equipment to a network medium.
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NIC ComponentsNIC Components
A connector for the network mediumA connector for the network medium A transceiverA transceiver A controller for MAC protocol A controller for MAC protocol
communications and addressingcommunications and addressing Protocol control firmwareProtocol control firmware
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NIC Duplex ModesNIC Duplex Modes
Half duplex: ability to send or receive Half duplex: ability to send or receive signals, but not simultaneouslysignals, but not simultaneously
Full duplex: capacity to send and Full duplex: capacity to send and receive signals at the same timereceive signals at the same time
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Setting the Duplex ModeSetting the Duplex Mode
Figure 2-4 NIC Duplex Mode settingFigure 2-4 NIC Duplex Mode setting
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Memory Sizing GuidelinesMemory Sizing Guidelines
Operating system Processor type Memory
Windows 2000 Server for five or fewer users Intel 64 MB
Windows 2000 Server for over five users Intel 128 MB to 4GB
Windows 2000 Advanced Server Intel 128 MB to 64 GB
Windows 2000 Datacenter Intel 128 MB to 64 GB
Table 2-3 Memory Guidelines
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Memory TypeMemory Type
Make sure that the memory used in a Make sure that the memory used in a server is error checking and correcting server is error checking and correcting (ECC)(ECC) EEC: Memory that can correct some types EEC: Memory that can correct some types
of memory problems without causing of memory problems without causing computer operations to halt computer operations to halt
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Troubleshooting TipTroubleshooting Tip
Microsoft generally recommends a Microsoft generally recommends a minimum of 128 MB on all versions of minimum of 128 MB on all versions of Windows 2000 Server (unless there are Windows 2000 Server (unless there are 5 or fewer users), however, they also 5 or fewer users), however, they also recommend that you use at least 256 recommend that you use at least 256 MB or more for best performance. MB or more for best performance.
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Disk CapacityDisk Capacity
Estimate disk capacity to include:Estimate disk capacity to include: Operating system filesOperating system files Software filesSoftware files Data and database filesData and database files User filesUser files General public filesGeneral public files Utility filesUtility files Server management files Server management files
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Example Disk Capacity Calculation
Example Disk Capacity Calculation
Operating System Files EstimatedSize
Microsoft 2000 Server (depending on the accessories and servicesinstalled)
685 MB
Subtotal 685 MBApplication Software Estimated
SizeMicrosoft Office 150 MBMicrosoft Exchange 150 MBParadox database software 70 MBAccounting software 250 MBLegal time accounting software 200 MBClient databases 275 MBCourt forms 52 MBContracts forms 42 MBTax law forms 41 MBWills legal forms 45 MBBankruptcy legal forms 35 MBDatabase query software 72 MB
Subtotal 1,382 MB
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Example Disk Capacity Calculation (continued)Example Disk Capacity Calculation (continued)
User Directories EstimatedSize
Each user 100 MB * 22 2,200 MBSubtotal 2,200MB
Public Directories EstimatedSize
Shared directories containing word processing files, spreadsheets,and data
590 MB
Utility directories 50 MBSubtotal 640MB
Server Management Software EstimatedSize
Extra utilities for server and network management 175 MBSubtotal (175) MB
Total 5,082 MB
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Disk Drive Design Issues that Affect Disk Contention
Disk Drive Design Issues that Affect Disk Contention
Speed of the individual disks Speed of the individual disks Speed of the disk controllers Speed of the disk controllers Speed of the data pathway to the disksSpeed of the data pathway to the disks Number of disk pathwaysNumber of disk pathways Disk cachingDisk caching
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Disk Drive InterfacesDisk Drive Interfaces
Integrated Device Electronics (IDE): An inexpensive Integrated Device Electronics (IDE): An inexpensive hard disk interface that is used on Intel-based hard disk interface that is used on Intel-based computers from the 80286 to Pentium computerscomputers from the 80286 to Pentium computers
Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI): An early Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI): An early device interface for computer peripherals and hard device interface for computer peripherals and hard disk drivesdisk drives
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI): A 32- or Small Computer System Interface (SCSI): A 32- or 64-bit computer adapter that transports data 64-bit computer adapter that transports data between one or more attached devices, such as between one or more attached devices, such as hard disks, and the computerhard disks, and the computer
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Simple Disk Controller Architecture
Simple Disk Controller Architecture
Server
Disk Controller
D isk Drive
Figure 2-5 Disk controller connecting a disk driveFigure 2-5 Disk controller connecting a disk drive
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SCSI ArchitectureSCSI Architecture
Figure 2-6 Figure 2-6 Ultra SCSI adapter connected to two disk drives and a tape driveUltra SCSI adapter connected to two disk drives and a tape drive
Ultra SCSI adapterp lugged in to main
server board
Contro ller andD isk D rive Unit
Contro ller andD isk D rive Unit
Contro ller and TapeUnit w ith SCSI Cable
Terminated on theContro ller Card
SCSI Cable
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SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates
SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates
Interface Data Transfer Rate
SCSI-1 Up to 5 MBps
Narrow SCSI-2 Up to 10 MBps
Wide SCSI-2 Up to 20 MBps
Ultra SCSI Up to 20 MBps
Wide Ultra SCSI Up to 40 MBps
Ultra2 SCSI Up to 80 MBps
SCSI-3 (RISC) Up to 100 MBps
Table 2-5 SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates
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Troubleshooting TipTroubleshooting Tip
Omitting the cable terminator is a Omitting the cable terminator is a common problem when connecting common problem when connecting several devices to one SCSI adapter. If several devices to one SCSI adapter. If you experience difficulty recognizing you experience difficulty recognizing hard disk storage during the Windows hard disk storage during the Windows 2000 Server installation, check to make 2000 Server installation, check to make sure the terminator is connected to the sure the terminator is connected to the last device on the SCSI cable.last device on the SCSI cable.
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Design TipDesign Tip
One method to significantly increase One method to significantly increase performance on a server is to purchase two performance on a server is to purchase two or more hard disk drives and divide the flow or more hard disk drives and divide the flow of data between two or more data pathways of data between two or more data pathways by placing drives on different adapters.by placing drives on different adapters.
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Setting Up Multiple Disk Pathways
Setting Up Multiple Disk Pathways
Server
U ltra SCSI adapterContro ller anddisk drive unit
Contro ller anddisk drive unit
SCSI Cable
U ltra SCSI adapter
Figure 2-7Figure 2-7Using two SCSI adapters to create separate data paths for hard disk drivesUsing two SCSI adapters to create separate data paths for hard disk drives
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Disk Mirroring Disk Mirroring
Disk mirroring: A fault tolerance method Disk mirroring: A fault tolerance method that prevents data loss by duplicating that prevents data loss by duplicating data from a main disk to a backup disk. data from a main disk to a backup disk. Some operating systems also refer to Some operating systems also refer to this as disk shadowing.this as disk shadowing.
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Disk Mirroring ArchitectureDisk Mirroring Architecture
Disk Disk
Primary driveM irrored drive
Contro ller oradapter
Figure 2-8 Disk mirroringFigure 2-8 Disk mirroring
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Disk DuplexingDisk Duplexing
Disk duplexing: Disk duplexing: A fault tolerance method A fault tolerance method similar to disk mirroring in that it prevents similar to disk mirroring in that it prevents data loss by duplicating data from a main data loss by duplicating data from a main disk to a backup disk; but disk duplexing disk to a backup disk; but disk duplexing places the backup disk on a different places the backup disk on a different controller or adapter than is used by the controller or adapter than is used by the main disk.main disk.
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Disk Duplexing ArchitectureDisk Duplexing Architecture
Primary drive
M irrored drive
Disk
Disk
Figure 2-9 Disk duplexingFigure 2-9 Disk duplexing
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RAID Fault ToleranceRAID Fault Tolerance
RAID level 0: Disk striping with no RAID level 0: Disk striping with no redundancyredundancy
RAID level 1: Disk mirroring or RAID level 1: Disk mirroring or duplexingduplexing
RAID level 2: Disk striping across an RAID level 2: Disk striping across an array of disks in which all disks store array of disks in which all disks store error-correction data in case of a disk error-correction data in case of a disk failurefailure
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RAID Fault Tolerance (continued)
RAID Fault Tolerance (continued)
RAID level 3: Similar to RAID level 2, but RAID level 3: Similar to RAID level 2, but error-correcting data is stored on only one error-correcting data is stored on only one diskdisk
RAID level 4: Similar to RAID level 2, but an RAID level 4: Similar to RAID level 2, but an added feature is checksum verification data added feature is checksum verification data stored on one diskstored on one disk
RAID level 5: Similar to RAID level 4, but RAID level 5: Similar to RAID level 4, but error-correction and checksum data are error-correction and checksum data are spread over all disksspread over all disks
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RAID Supported by Windows 2000
RAID Supported by Windows 2000
RAID level 0RAID level 0 RAID level 1RAID level 1 RAID level 5RAID level 5
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Features of the Windows 2000 Disk Management Snap-in
Features of the Windows 2000 Disk Management Snap-in
Status information about drivesStatus information about drives Ability to create and format partitionsAbility to create and format partitions Ability to change drive letter Ability to change drive letter
assignmentsassignments Support for FAT and NTFS drivesSupport for FAT and NTFS drives Ability to create mirrored, striped, RAID-Ability to create mirrored, striped, RAID-
5, and spanned volumes5, and spanned volumes
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Disk Management Snap-InDisk Management Snap-In
Figure 2-10 Windows 2000 Disk Management snap-inFigure 2-10 Windows 2000 Disk Management snap-in
Chapter 2
Analysis Issues Affecting Disk Fault Tolerance Selection
Analysis Issues Affecting Disk Fault Tolerance Selection
Importance of the dataImportance of the data Tolerance for down time when a failure Tolerance for down time when a failure
occursoccurs Amount of data that must be storedAmount of data that must be stored How fast the data must be accessedHow fast the data must be accessed Budget for equipment purchases and Budget for equipment purchases and
supportsupport
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Software RAID and Hardware RAID Compared
Software RAID and Hardware RAID Compared
Hardware RAID is more expensiveHardware RAID is more expensive Hardware RAID is generally faster for read and Hardware RAID is generally faster for read and
write accesswrite access Ability to place boot and system files on all Ability to place boot and system files on all
configurations of hardware RAID configurations of hardware RAID Hardware RAID can include the ability to “hot Hardware RAID can include the ability to “hot
swap” disksswap” disks Hardware RAID generally has more setup and Hardware RAID generally has more setup and
configuration optionsconfiguration options
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Planning TipPlanning Tip
Purchase hardware RAID from a vendor Purchase hardware RAID from a vendor that does not use all proprietary that does not use all proprietary components so you can use disk drives, components so you can use disk drives, cables, and various parts from other cables, and various parts from other vendors.vendors.
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Backup MediaBackup Media
Plan your server so that it can be Plan your server so that it can be backed up using removable media such backed up using removable media such as tapes, Zip/Jaz disks, CD-ROMs, CD-as tapes, Zip/Jaz disks, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs, and CD-RWs.Rs, and CD-RWs.
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Design TipDesign Tip
Attach tape backup systems to adapters or Attach tape backup systems to adapters or controllers that do not also have disk storage controllers that do not also have disk storage attached.attached.
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Tape Drive ArchitectureTape Drive Architecture
Server
U ltra SCSI adapter
SCSI Cable
U ltra SCSI adapter
Contro ller
RAID unit
Contro ller
Tape drive unit
Figure 2-11 Connecting a tape drive to a separate adapterFigure 2-11 Connecting a tape drive to a separate adapter
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CD-ROM DriveCD-ROM Drive
Equip your server with a fast CD-ROM drive Equip your server with a fast CD-ROM drive from which to load the Windows 2000 Server from which to load the Windows 2000 Server operating system, device drivers, and operating system, device drivers, and application softwareapplication software
Implement a CD-ROM “jukebox” in situations Implement a CD-ROM “jukebox” in situations where users will access CD-ROM resources where users will access CD-ROM resources over the networkover the network
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Example CD-ROM JukeboxExample CD-ROM Jukebox
Figure 2-12 CD-ROM “jukebox”Figure 2-12 CD-ROM “jukebox”
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Implementation TipImplementation Tip
Fully set up and test all server Fully set up and test all server componentscomponents
Allow for a “burn-in” periodAllow for a “burn-in” period
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Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
Server hardware comes in a full range of Server hardware comes in a full range of sophisticated options including fast sophisticated options including fast processors and fault-tolerant disk drives.processors and fault-tolerant disk drives.
Plan server hardware to meet or exceed Plan server hardware to meet or exceed the needs of the intended implementation.the needs of the intended implementation.
Begin the selection process by consulting Begin the selection process by consulting the Microsoft HCL.the Microsoft HCL.
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Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
Select a fast bus architecture and other Select a fast bus architecture and other features that enable you to expand the features that enable you to expand the server as needed.server as needed.
Implement disk storage using fast Implement disk storage using fast channel technology such as SCSI or channel technology such as SCSI or Fibre Channel and include fault Fibre Channel and include fault tolerance in your planning.tolerance in your planning.
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Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
Implement at least one CD-ROM drive Implement at least one CD-ROM drive to load software and drivers.to load software and drivers.
Plan to test the server hardware before Plan to test the server hardware before you install Windows 2000 Server.you install Windows 2000 Server.