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Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16

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Page 1: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Chapter 2Alphabets

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 2: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Problems with early language systems:

— Complicated

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 3: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 4: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Problems with early language systems:

— Complicated— Combinations of Pictographs, Rebus and Ideographs

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 5: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 6: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 7: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 8: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Problems with early language systems:

— Complicated— Combinations of Pictographs, Rebus and Ideographs— Enormous number of symbols

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 9: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Problems with early language systems:

— Complicated— Combinations of Pictographs, Rebus and Ideographs— Enormous number of symbols — Small percentage of population could understand or master the system

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 10: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

A detail from a diagram displaying several evolutionary steps of Western alphabets.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 11: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Alphabet: A set of visual symbols or characters

used to represent the elementary sounds of a spoken language. They can be connected and combined to signify sounds, syllables and words.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 12: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The Phaistos Disk, undated. The 241 signs include a man in a plumed headdress, a hatchet, an eagle, a carpenter’s square, an animal skin and a vase.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 13: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The North Semetic alphabet was used by Canaanites, Hebrews and Phonecians.

Because the earliest examples are from ancient Phonecia (now Lebanon and parts of Syria and Israel), these early scripts are

often called the Phonecian Alphabet.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 14: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The seafaring Phonecians absorbed Cuneiform from

Mesopotamia and Hieroglyphics from Egypt

They needed to find an alternative to the complexity

of these writing systems.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 15: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 16: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

A writing system developed in Byblos, (the oldest Phonecian city-state), used symbols without

pictorial meaning. “Letters” were starting to be used in ways similar to what we are familiar with.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 17: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The Phonecian system branched into

Greek and Roman

The Aramaic system branched into

Hebrew and Arabic

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 18: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The Aramaic System

Hebrew and Arabic are still written from right to left in

the ancient manner of their ancestors.

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Page 19: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Aramaic alphabet evolved into Hebrew and Arabic alphabets

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 20: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The graphic forms of the Hebrew alphabet are squared, bold letters whose horizontal strokes

are thicker than their vertical strokes.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 21: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The two principle forms of written Arabic

are Kufic and Naskhi

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 22: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Kufic characters are bold, elongated and angular.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 23: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

(close-up)Arabic characters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 24: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 25: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Q’uran manuscript, written in the cursive Naskhi style of Arabic calligraphy

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 26: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Indian SanskritMonday, January 25, 16

Page 27: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The Greek Alphabet

The Greeks applied geometric structure to the

uneven Phonecian characters, converting them into

beautifully balanced forms.

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Page 28: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The Greeks modified the Phonecian alphabet by changing

5 consonants to vowels creating the “connectors”

of consonant sounds.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 29: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 30: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

DO THIS!

GO THERE!

Follow me

now!

NOT THERE!

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 31: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Papyrus manuscript, fourth century, BCE This example of the Greek alphabet shows the

symmetrical form and even visual rhythm. Monday, January 25, 16

Page 32: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

An example of the quality of carved Greek inscription, c. fifth century BCE

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 33: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Boustrephedon(meaning “to plow the field with an ox”)

The Phonecian (and early Greek) method of reading and writing every other line back and forth — right to left, then left to right.

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Page 34: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 35: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

As early as the Second Century CE, the Greeks

developed a more rounded writing style called Uncials

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Page 36: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Greek wooden tablet with uncials, CE 326. The rounded uncials allowed an A to be made with two strokes instead of three, and an E to be made with three strokes instead of four.

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 37: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Greek juror’s ballots, fourth century, BCE. A juror voted “not guilty” with a ballot having a solid hub.

A hollow-hubbed ballot was used to cast a “guilty” vote.

Greek signature seals, fifth century BCEMonday, January 25, 16

Page 38: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 39: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 40: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Latin (Roman) Alphabet

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 41: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Greco-Roman Innovations

The two most important contributions to graphic design history were the

complete, easy to use alphabet and the codex form of the book

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Page 42: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 43: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The Greek letters Y and Z were eventually added as the Romans began to appropriate

Greek words into their own culture.

3 additional letters ( J, U and W) were added during the Middle Ages to arrive

at our current number of 26.

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Page 44: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 45: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 46: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Carved inscription from the base of Trajan’s column, c. CE 114. Located in Trajan’s forum in Rome, this is an excellent example of Capitalis Monumentalis

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 47: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

A detail from an inscription on a tomb along the Appian Way, Rome

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 48: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Capitalis Quadrata (square capitals)

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 49: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Capitalis Rustica (rustic capitals)

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 50: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 51: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 52: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 53: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 54: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 55: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 56: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Wall writing from Pompeii, first century CE

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 57: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Parchment

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 58: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The term Parchment derives from the city of Pergamum

and was known as “the stuff from Pergamum” because

that city significantly increased production of

parchment.

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Page 59: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

PARCHMENT is made from thin, stretch and refined

leather, made from the skin of sheep, goats and calves.

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Page 60: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

VELLUM, the finest parchment is made

from the smooth skins of newborn calves

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Page 61: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-SpLPFaRd0

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 62: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

The CODEX was the first book format.

Sheets of parchment were gathered, folded and stitched like the

pages of a book

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 63: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 64: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Christians used the CODEX format as a way

of distinguishing themselves from the

pagans and their scrolls

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 65: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 66: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 67: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

Hangul

Monday, January 25, 16

Page 68: Chapter 2 · Chapter 2 Alphabets Monday, January 25, 16. Problems with early language systems: — Complicated Monday, January 25, 16. Monday, January 25, 16. ... squared, bold letters

https://vimeo.com/1535016

Monday, January 25, 16