chapter 2 early societies mesopotamian society land between the rivers tigris and euphrates rivers...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2Early Societies
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Mesopotamian Society
• Land between the rivers• Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers
• Modern day Iraq
• Irrigation system
• Defensive walls
• Kings ruled in cooperation with nobles
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Sumer: First Major Mesopotamian Civilization
Sumerian City States• Center of political and military authority• Economic center• Cultural center• Educational center
• By 3000 BCE, Ur, Erech, and Kish were the major city-states of the first civilization of Sumer
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Sumer
• Developed form of writing known as cuneiform.
• Introduction of the wheel
• 12 month calendar and math system based on units of sixty – helped develop arches and columns.
• Polytheistic; each city state had its own god that was worshipped by its people. Plus common gods.
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Ziggurats: stepped pyramids associated with Sumerian cities
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Babylon
• 1700 BCE – Sumerian king Akkad was overrun by the Babylonians.
• King Hammurabi developed an extensive code of laws that dealt with every part of daily life:• Code of Hammurabi: begins the “rule of law”
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Code of Hammurabi
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Mesopotamia changes hands
• 1500 BCE – Hittites dominated the region. They became a military superpower.
• Assyrians used iron to defeat the Hittites. Then they established their capital at Nineveh and built an empire that swept across the entire Fertile Crescent.
• Assyrians were defeated by the Medes and Chaldeans. Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon, but were taken over by the Persian Empire.
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Persian EmpireHeight of Persian Empire was around 500 BCE
To improve transportation and communication across the vast empire, Persia built a series of long
roads. The longest was the Great Royal Road. 1,600 miles from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean Sea.
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Lydians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews
• Societies existed within the Persian Empire.
• Lydians came up with the concept of using coined money.
• Phoenicians developed an alphabet system with 22 letters, much less complex than cuneiform.
• Hebrews were the first Jews, known for their monotheistic beliefs and establishment of Israel.
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