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Chapter 2 – Economy & Development

Chapter 2 – Economy & Development Section 4: The Contemporary Period (1867-PRESENT)

Part 5: The economy from 1960-1980 & 1980 into the 21st century

The Period of 1960-1980 • 1960-1970 THE QUIET

REVOLUTION • In 1960 Quebec Liberals win the

Quebec election lead by JEAN LESAGE

• The Liberals wanted to modernize Quebec

• Catch up with the rest of the rest of Canada / 1st world countries around the world

• The previous government (Union Nationale) lead by Maurice Duplessis – Catered to Large companies that

exploited Quebec’s natural resources – Used the police force to disrupt

unions – Did not look to the future no

progression in the economy/society

Lesage giving a speech- early 1960s

The Period of 1960-1980 • The Quiet Revolution was a time in Quebec where

Quebec asserted itself language, culture and economy

• The STATE and the people wanted to ‘take control’ of the economy in Quebec lessen the amount of foreign companies exploiting natural resources ECONOMIC NATIONALISM

• When the government gets involved in the economy GOVERNEMENT INTERVENTION

• STATE = another word for government

• ECONOMIC NATIONALISM = government taking control of sectors of the economy

The Period of 1960-1980 • The goals of ECONOMIC

INTERVENTIONISM/NATIONALISM: – Create companies that the government controls and

profits from – Promote Quebec businesses/multinational corporations

by investing in them ($$$) – Educating the population affordable/accessible

education for the public – Promote investment in Quebec by people/companies – Create a road transportation network to benefit

people/corporations – Modernize Quebec society – Create energy infrastructure for Quebec so it is not

dependent od private energy corporations

The Period of 1960-1980 • Steps the STATE (Quebec Government) took to intervene

in the economy: – 1962 Société Générale de Financement (SGF) a

government organization to help promote new businesses in Quebec

– 1962 Hydro Quebec was officially nationalized across Quebec

– Modernize/expand the road network in Quebec (highways) transportation of natural resources and manufactured goods within Quebec & easier for individuals to travel within Quebec

– Throughout the 1960s many infrastructure/engineering projects were started/completed (highways, tunnels, metro system in Montreal, buildings, etc.)

– 1965 Sidérurgie d’Etat du Québec (SIDBEC) government organization to promote the steel industry in Quebec

The Period of 1960-1980 • Hydro Quebec • In the early 1960s The Quebec

government bought all the privately owned hydro companies they all became part of Hydro Quebec

• Quebec had NATIONALIZED hydroelectricity

• ‘Maitres Chez Nous’ • NATIONALIZED = government was

in full control they were the only one that could produce and distribute electricity

• Hydro Quebec = CROWN CORPORATION = a company owned by the government

Liberal Party of Quebec – poster promoting the nationalization of hydroelectricity

Yo! This #%$@

hurts!!!

I told you not to grab onto lightning!!

The Period of 1960-1980

• Hydro Quebec

• One of the first project undertaken by the Quebec government:

• ‘Manic 5’ power station in Manicougan Reservoir, Quebec

• Later to be named the Daniel Johnston Dam

• Construction was completed in 1970

Manic 5 Power station (dam) in 1969


Top Left: Map of the location of the Daniel Johnston dam Top Right: Arial photo of the Daniel Johnston Dam Bottom Right: Nighttime photo of the construction of the Daniel Johnston Dam in 1976

The Period of 1960-1980 • The Quebec Government

increased the construction of roads, tunnels and bridges during the 1960s and into the 1970s

• Factories were no longer found within cities they were found just outside cities

• In order to connect factories/manufacturing sites with cities in Quebec more transportation (roads) infrastructure was needed

Decarie Autoroute • Replaced Decarie Boulevard • Finished in 1968


LEFT: Decarie Boulevard (1961) RIGHT: Decarie Autoroute (1968)


St. Charles Boulevard and the development of Highway 40 (Transcanada Highway) early to mid 1960s


Sources Boulevard looking South & Highway 40 (Transcanada highway) Early to mid 1960s


Fairview shopping center with Highway 40 (Transcanada highway) in the background mid to late 1960s

Fairview Pointe Claire (August 12, 1965) LEFT: advertisement for the grand opening of Fairview Point Claire RIGHT: Inside Fairview Pointe Claire- mid to late 1960s


I dare you to jump into that

fountain


• The Louis Hippolyte-Lafontaine Tunnel

• Started in 1963 and completed in 1967

• Connection between the Island of Montreal on the South Shore

• Easier for cars and transport trucks to access the Island of Montreal

Top Right: the LHL Tunnel approx. 1967 Bottom Right: the LHL Tunnel approx. 2010


Montreal’s Metro system was inaugurated on October 14th, 1966: • 3 lines • 26 stations • Several additions have been made • There are now 4 lines and 73 stations • All 3 photographs were taken in 1966

I can’t wait to get home and eat some of that sweet, sweet corn.

I can see a woman picking her nose on security camera 4!

The Period of 1960-1980 • Steps the STATE (Quebec Government) took to

intervene in the economy: – 1965 Société Québécoise d’Exploitation Minière

(SOQUEM) government organization to promote government acquisition of mines/mining in Quebec

– 1965 The Caisse de Dépôt et Placement du Québec Government owned company that used public workers pensions to invest in Quebec owned & operated businesses to help the economy grow and make a profit at the same time one of the largest investors in Canada

– 1967/1968 CEGEP system founded and the establishment of the Université du Québec providing the population with affordable education beyond high school


• CEGEP system • Started in 1968 • Many CEGEPs throughout

the province • Higher education beyond

high school affordable/accessible

• No more grade 12 • 3 years of university

Top Right: CEGEP de Joliette open in 1968 Bottom Right: John Abbott College opened in 1970-1971


• Additional steps the STATE (Quebec Government) took to intervene in the economy:

– Throughout the 1960s:

• Increased number of Quebec Government workers

• Support for new jobs the Quebec government sought out corporations to bring head offices to Quebec (lower taxes for corporations)

• A government office to help promote PMEs (Petites et Moyennes Entreprises) promote small businesses in Quebec

• Increase in natural resource exploitation

• ‘Buy Quebec’ campaigns government wanted people to buy products made in Quebec

Expo 67 • Expo 67 A World’s Fair

• Montreal in 1967

• Showcased different countries

• Expo 67 showed the world how much Quebec has ‘advanced’ since the 1950s

• Montreal was transformed by things like an improved highway system and the new metro system

https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/expo-67

Expo 67 LEFT: Google maps image of St-Helens Island (La Ronde) BOTTOM: Expo 67 map of pavilions/attractions

Expo 67

Canadian Pavilion during Expo 67

Dad, I had an ‘accident’ in my

pantaloons…

I knew you shouldn’t have had the large

slush

Expo 67 LEFT: American Pavilion in 1967 BOTTOM: The American Pavilion is now used as the Biosphere

Expo 67

Arial shot of most of the pavilions in Expo 67

Expo 67

TOP: ‘Passports’ used for Expo 1967 RIGHT: People would stamp their ‘passport’ when they entered a new pavilion

The Period of 1960-1980 Continued

• Hydro Quebec projects continued to expand into the 1970s & 1980s

• Hydro Quebec completed many projects involving the construction of large scale hydro dams

• James Bay project (projet Jamésie) – A hydro dam project that started in the early 1970s and

continued into the early 2000s

– The first phase alone would cost the Quebec government $13. 7 billion

– It covers the same amount of space as the state of New York


Maps showing the area covered by the James Bay Project, power plants and spillways


One of the fist dams completed during the James Bay project: • La Grande-2/ Robert Bourassa Dam • Completed in 1974 • In 2009 produced 20% of Hydro

Quebec’s electricity


• Important terms to remember: – State: another word for government

– State intervention: government getting involved with things (like the economy)

–Nationalization: the government is in charge of or owns something specific (like hydroelectricity)

–Crown corporations: companies that are owned by the government (Hydro Quebec, Caisse de Depot et Placement du Quebec, etc.)


• Unions during the period 1960-1980 • Unions gain power • Catholic Unions dissolve or release

affiliation with the Catholic Church SECULAR

• Canadian Catholic Confederation of Labour (CCCL) Confederation des Syndicats Nationaux (CSN) 1960

• SECULAR/SECULARIZATION: Church stays out of the affairs of the public sector/business


After 1960: Unions became secular no more Catholic Church involvement


• Into the 1970s

• Increase in unionization from 1950s 38% of employees were unionized (1971)

• 25% unionized in 1961

• More powerful – Strikes a lot of government worker strikes

– Common Fronts – different unions strike at the same time

– Gains in wages and additional benefits (job security, holidays, etc.) were made

• By late 1970s reputation of unions tarnished because all the strikes

General Union Meeting to discuss Quebec Labour Laws 1964


Bank employees strike/picket in Montreal 1967


The Period of 1960-1980 • Social programs

• During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s the Quebec Government crated many social programs

• Healthcare/Medicare in 1967, the Quebec Liberal government removed control of healthcare from the Catholic Clergy and started to implement a state-run healthcare system

• 1970 health insurance was fully implemented in Quebec

Medicare card late 1960s

The Period of 1960-1980 • Results of government economic interventionism

from 1960-1980: – Improved transportation infrastructure to help businesses transport

raw material & manufactured goods

– A hydroelectric system that allows Quebec to be more energy independent

– Crown corporations were created (EX: Hydro Quebec and Caisse de Dépôt et Placement du Québec)

– Multinational corporations owned by Quebecers developed (EX: Bombardier & SNC Lavalin)

– Multinational = company that business all over the world

– Investment in Quebec owned & run businesses increased

– French Canadiens were no longer ONLY the workers/labour they were business owners, doctors, engineers, etc. ‘FRANCOPHONE ELITES’

The Period of 1960-1980 • Effects of economic development &

intervention from the 1960s-1980 on the territory:

– Development of ‘industrial zones’ outside of cities

– More residential construction projects suburbs being built

– Development of transportation infrastructure (Highways)

– Increased development of suburban shopping centers (EX: Fairview Pointe Claire)


• Effects of economic development & intervention from the 1960s-1980 on society:

– Increase in unionization rates

–Gained improvements in working conditions

–New social programs to benefit citizens (EX: Medicare system)

Economic slowdown in the 1970s

• The economy was growing and the general public was prosperous in the post WW2 period up until the 1970s lead to recessions in the 1970s-1990s

• Some causes – Less spending by the USA on Canadian goods

– In the early 1970s OPEC (countries that supply a large quantity of the planet’s oil) restricted the supply causing the price of oil to increase greatly

– More competition from Asian countries in terms of production of goods resulted in job losses in factories and in natural resource extraction (MINES)

– Canadian/Quebec governments were in large amounts of debt

The Period of 1980 into the 21st century

• Free trade ideologies

• After some recessions in the late 1970s-early 1980s

• Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney

• Decided to seek out a FREE TRADE agreement with the USA expand the market Canadian companies could sell goods freely (without large taxes/tariffs)



• January 1st, 1989 Canada – United States Free trade Agreement (CUSFTA) came into effect getting rid of most customs duties between Canada/USA

• 1994 Mexico was added to the agreement creating the North American Free trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• People were worried that CUSFTA/NAFTA would create inter-country competition and Canadian companies would lose out

Signing of NAFTA in 1994: • Right: Prime Minister Brian Mulroney

(Canada) • Middle: President George Bush Senior (USA) • Left: President Carlos Salinas de Gortari

(Mexico)



• Since the signing of NAFTA exports from Quebec to the USA have increased companies in Quebec are benefitting from NAFTA

Exports to the USA have increased since the signing of NAFTA

Imports/exports with USA 1900-2000


Imports/exports with USA 1900-2000


• Globalization & the economy in Quebec

• Because of FREE TRADE, development of technologies & communications financial/commercial transactions have increased

• The market which companies can sell their products has increased to the whole world

• PROS Quebec companies may choose to locate production to other countries (cheaper)

• CONS Relocating production means that people in Quebec may lose jobs



• Globalization has also affected the types of jobs that we now see in Quebec job/employment market

• Since the 1960s jobs in the primary & secondary sectors have declined – Less people needed for natural resource extraction &

agriculture because of advance in technology

– Less people needed for manufacturing in Quebec/Canada because of relocating manufacturing to developing countries (China, Mexico) & because of technology (robots replace people)


The city of Gagnon, Quebec opened in 1960 a city built for iron mining • Closed down in 1985 less

demand for Quebec iron


Left: Graph showing share of world’s output in manufacturing 1993 & 2003 Right: Cambodian factory manufacturing textiles/clothing – approx. 2013



• As a result more tertiary jobs in Quebec

• Focus on ‘technology industry’ software development, robotics, self-driving cars, etc.

• This aspect of the economy creates collaborations/consortiums amongst different organizations universities working with government, working with private organizations

• However there are jobs within the tertiary sector that DO NOT have a lot of benefits job security, high wages this can be seen in the retail/food services areas



• The government can help keep jobs in Quebec by: – Encouraging companies & workers to specialize in

certain sectors

– Offer specific training to unemployed workers to help them gain the skills needed to re-enter the job market

• Examples of specific industries in Quebec: – Aerospace industries (Bombardier)

– Videogame industries (Ubisoft Montreal, EA Games)


Ubisoft Montreal • Technology sector • Employs hundreds of people • Training for work this sector can

be done in Montreal


Bombardier • Aerospace/ transportation sector • Quebec multinational corporation • Training for work this sector can be done in Quebec • Quebec has funded Bombardier – most recently $1.3


Bonneville Homes • Housing contractor • Prefabricated homes • Employs carpenters,

electricians, plumbers, etc. • Training for trades can be

government subsidized

http://www.lbpce.ca/


• Workers demands in the 1980s into the 21st century

• Workers are demanding the same types of things as in previous decades:

– Pay increases that stay constant with the COST OF LIVING/INFLATION if food and gas prices go up-so should the salary of a worker

– Benefits for parents time off after a baby is born/daycares services funded by the government

– Pensions that will help for retirement government contribute to the pensions of workers

– Salary that reflects the work done/hours worked if you work 45 hours a week, there should be compensation


• Pressure from the general public led to new laws that benefitted women

– Loi sur l’equity salariale (pay equality)

–Women had more opportunities (still not a lot) to have important roles within corporations

–Public daycare law set up in Quebec in 1997 working mothers had more support from the government

Agriculture from 1960-1980

• During this period agriculture has changed in these ways: – Production quotas a limit amount of production OR

a minimum amount of production is needed from farmers • Example: Maple syrup farmers can only produce a specific

amount of syrup

– Less farms in Quebec the number of farms decreases, while the sizes of farms that remain grow (buyouts)

– Introduction of many types of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture these new tools helped production, but may not have been good for the environment

Agriculture 1980 into the 21st century

• During this period agriculture has changed in these ways:

–Globalization has allowed Quebec farmers to access markets around the world agricultural products from other countries can access Quebec as well

–More of a focus on organic products Valens Farms OR Our Little Farm

– Farms are trying to reduce the amount of land used for farming trying to be more efficient

http://www.fermesvalens.com/

http://www.fermesvalens.com/

http://www.ourlittlefarm.ca/

Connections to the Progressions of learning

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