Chapter 2:England’s 17th Century in North America

The English Settle in North America

Spread of Settlement: Atlantic Coast European

Settling the British Colonies

Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonies were not funded or strictly controlled by the king:• Joint-stock companies were formed by investors

who hoped to profit off new colonies • Once a charter was gained from the king, the

company could maintain a colony in America

Colonizing Virginia: Jamestown 1607 - Jamestown became

the first permanent English settlement in North America

One ruler, Powhatan, controlled virtually all of the Indians nearby.

Jamestown built on a swamp - mosquitoes and malaria

Queen Elizabeth’s Visit to Jamestown in 1957On its 350th Year of Founding

Queen Elizabeth’s Visit to Jamestown in 2007On its 400th Year of Founding

“He who will not work, will not eat”

John Smith took control, forced colonists to farm, & negotiated with nearby Powhatan Indians

Winter of 1609-1610 “starving time” - over 80% of 500 settlers died. Smith negotiated with the Powhatan to obtain access to more food Implemented a “no work, no food” policy in the colony

Colonizing Virginia: Jamestown (2)

Capt. John Smith rallied the settlers at Jamestown

Captured by Powhatan and threatened with execution

Smith was saved by Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas

Smith returned to England in 1609

Colonizing Virginia: Jamestown (3)

1613 – tobacco (“stinking weed”) imported to Jamestown by John Rolfe

Developed a pleasant smoking strain Tobacco would become the feature cash crop

of Virginia

Virginia Workers

To meet the demand for field workers, Virginians used:• Indentured servants from England;

Typically poor men who agreed to work for a land owner for 4-7 yrs in exchange for travel to America

• In 1618, the headright system was created; 50 acres were given to anyone who brought an indentured servant to America

• African slaves

Social Hierarchy in the Chesapeake

TOBACCO was the basis of wealth & cause

of social inequalities

The owners of tobacco plantations

Small farmers were the largest class; Came as indentured servants; most were very poor

Indentured servants were often mistreated

African slaves

There were very few women in Virginia, which

made it difficult for colonists to marry or to have families

The Massachusetts Colonies: Plymouth, 1620

Pilgrims = Separatists Left on the Mayflower, Sept. 16, 1620 Mayflower Compact - laws for the new

community 1621 - only half of the 101 who had crossed

the Atlantic were still alive William Bradford - governor

The Massachusetts Colonies: Boston, 16301629 non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.

Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England.

They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”

1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships. Established a colony with Boston as its hub.

“Great Migration” of the 1630s. Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America

The Great Puritan Migration

Massachusetts Bay Colony Founded in 1630 Elected Puritan leader

John Winthrop as governor Advocated that the

Puritans establish a “city upon a hill” as an example to all people of what a godly community could be

In what ways was colonial New England different from colonial Virginia?

New England Colonies, 1650

The Separatists (known as Pilgrims) formed a joint-stock company & received a royal charter to create the Plymouth Colony in America

The Pilgrims created the Mayflower Compact agreeing to work together as a “civil body politick” (this agreement became the 1st example of self-government in America)

The Pilgrims in Plymouth

Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620• Faced disease & hunger; received help from local

natives like Squanto & Massasoit• In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger,

more successful Massachusetts Bay colony

The Pilgrims in Plymouth

Puritans tried to remain within the Church of England, but:• In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was

ruining England• Puritans arrived in Boston in 1630• From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000

Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony as part of the Great Migration

Puritans in Massachusetts Bay

The Great Puritan Migration

What makes New England society unique?

Winthrop wanted to build Boston as a “city on a hill” to be a model to other Christians

The Massachusetts colony was very different from Virginia:• Settlers usually came as families • New England was generally a healthy place to live • Settlers sacrificed for the common good, built

schools, focused on subsistence farming

“A City on a Hill”

Social Hierarchy in New England

Local “elite” were religious leaders who ran town meetings

Large population of small-scale farmers

who were loyal to the local community

Small population of landless laborers, servants, & poor

RELIGION was the center of society

What functions could this building have served in New England?

Government in Massachusetts centered on the church through town meetings:• Each Massachusetts town was independently

governed by local church members • All adult male church members were allowed to

vote for local laws & taxes

Massachusetts Government

Town Meetings

Puritans did not support dissent: • Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts

when he demanded that Indians be paid for their land; He formed the Rhode Island colony in 1636

• Anne Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island for challenging Puritan leaders’ authority

Limiting Dissent in NE

After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies:• New Hampshire• Rhode Island• Connecticut• New Haven

Mobility and Division

What is going on in this image?

As the New England colonies expanded into new lands, conflicts with Indians arose:• Pequot War in 1637 led to the massacre of 600

Indians (the 1st major British-led attack on Indians)

• King Philip’s War in 1675 resulted when the Wampanoag raided towns, killing 10% of the colonial New England men

Tensions in New England

What might have caused the hysteria?

By the 1660s, many New England towns experienced a drop-off in church membership & responded with the Halfway Covenant:• Granted church membership

to people who had not had a “conversion experience”

• This compromise revealed the declining importance of religion in New England

Tensions in New England

In 1692, the Salem witchcraft trials led to the death of 19 & imprisonment of 150 citizens:• Caused by a variety of factors: Indians attacks,

religious fanaticism, lack of available land, accusations by local girls

Tensions in New England

Salem Witch Craft Trials, 1692

On the map provided, label each:• Virginia• Massachusetts• Plymouth • Rhode Island

For each of the above colonies, create a symbol that summarizes the characteristics of the colony

Closure Activity

Essential Question: • What are the similarities & differences among the

Southern, New England, & Middle colonies?

The Massachusetts Colonies: Connecticut & Rhode Island

Thomas Hooker - led followers to Connecticut in 1636. Fundamental Order of Connecticut - gave all free men the right to vote for their leaders

Roger Williams - banished to Rhode Island in 1636

Anne Hutchinson - excommunicated by Winthrop in 1637, ended up in Rhode Island

Dissention in the Colony – Anne Hutchinson Articulate, strong-willed, &

intelligent wife of a prominent merchant

Held prayer meetings in her home to discuss sermons & provide her own commentary on religious matters

Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.

Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man. (Antinomianism)

Maryland

The colony was the vision of Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Founded in 1632 as refuge for Catholics in America

1632 - granted a charter for Maryland He died, but his son Cecilius took over

South Carolina Charles II granted land

south of Virginia to 8 supporters in 1663 Given the title of Lord

Proprietors Able to exercise their

authority with virtual independence

Developed a plantation economy, first with sugar, then rice in later years.

Southern Plantation Economy

Charleston, South Carolina Founded in 1680, Charleston grew to become the bustling seaport pictured in this drawing done in the 1730s. Charleston was by then the largest city in the mostly rural southern colonies. It flourished as a seaport for the shipment to England of slave-grown Carolina rice.

The Southern Colonies

Additional Colonies: Continued Settlement and Development Carolinas - most settlers were former

indentured servants from Virginia and Maryland or Barbados

New York - was originally New Netherland, founded by the Dutch

Pennsylvania - the colony was largely the work of one man - William Penn, Quakers

Thomas Coram’s oil painting (c. 1770) shows the main residence and slave quarters on the Mulberry Plantation near Charleston, South Carolina. The distinctive steep-roofed design of the slave cabins on the left probably reflects African building styles. Slave quarters may not have been located quite as close to the main house as this picture suggests.

Thomas Coram, “View of Mulberry Street, House and Street.” Oil on paper, 10 3 17.6 cm, Gibbes Museum of Art/ Carolina Art Association. 68.18.01

Pennsylvania: Dream of toleration and peace Another proprietary colony William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 hoping to

provide a refuge for Quakers and a model of justice and peace.

Quakers believed in the “Inner Light,” that all people are equal, & the ability to communicate directly with God

Penn established good relations with Indians by purchasing land and signing treaties.

Pennsylvania’s frame of government provided religious freedom and created a legislature with limited powers.

The population was ethnically and religiously diverse with most settlers living on farms.

No colonial proprietor was more idealistic than William Penn, shown here in a portrait made in about 1698 by Francis Place. Penn wanted Pennsylvania to be a place of peace, prosperity, and religious toleration—especially for his fellow Quakers. The colony eventually became an economic success but failed to achieve the social harmony that Penn had wanted.

Quakers - Society of Friends

Penn's "Holy Experiment"

William Penn’s colony was to serve as a “holy experiment” • Promoted religious toleration, bought

land from the Indians, & did not tolerate slavery

• Allowed a diverse population to move there

Philadelphia had an excellent harbor, making it an important trade city in the British colonies

Closure Activity

On the map provided, label each:• New York• Pennsylvania• North & South Carolina• Georgia

For each of the above colonies, create a symbol that summarizes the characteristics of the colony

Lectures

Why & How Europeans

Became Colonizers?

(Why would you leave your country for a new home?)

?

??

?

?

Changes in social and political culture during the Renaissance were important factors, as were economic changes that took place as merchants gained access to new products, which translated into wealth and political power as well as increased demand for luxury goods.

Kings and princes saw opportunities for new taxation, economic development, and the physical expansion of their empires.

Early experiments with ending serfdom => mobile population in search of new opportunities.

Prince Henry of Portugal’s establishment of a naval academy led to technological developments that were crucial for new exploration and discoveries.

The ability of wealthy Spanish monarchs to financially support what seemed an improbable idea for finding a new route to Asia.

Possible Answers:

Commercial Incentive?

Social Political Consequences?

Spanish

English

French

Dutch

European Colonial Strategies?