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Chapter 2: Englands 17 th Century in North America

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The English Settle in North America Spread of Settlement: Atlantic Coast European

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Settling the British Colonies Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonies were not funded or strictly controlled by the king: Joint-stock companies were formed by investors who hoped to profit off new colonies Once a charter was gained from the king, the company could maintain a colony in America

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Colonizing Virginia: Jamestown 1607 - Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America One ruler, Powhatan, controlled virtually all of the Indians nearby. Jamestown built on a swamp - mosquitoes and malaria

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Queen Elizabeths Visit to Jamestown in 1957 On its 350 th Year of Founding

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Queen Elizabeths Visit to Jamestown in 2007 On its 400 th Year of Founding

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He who will not work, will not eat John Smith took control, forced colonists to farm, & negotiated with nearby Powhatan Indians Winter of 1609-1610 starving time - over 80% of 500 settlers died. Smith negotiated with the Powhatan to obtain access to more food Implemented a no work, no food policy in the colony

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Colonizing Virginia: Jamestown (2) Capt. John Smith rallied the settlers at Jamestown Captured by Powhatan and threatened with execution Smith was saved by Powhatans daughter Pocahontas Smith returned to England in 1609

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Colonizing Virginia: Jamestown (3) 1613 tobacco (stinking weed) imported to Jamestown by John Rolfe Developed a pleasant smoking strain Tobacco would become the feature cash crop of Virginia

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Virginia Workers To meet the demand for field workers, Virginians used: Indentured servants from England; Typically poor men who agreed to work for a land owner for 4-7 yrs in exchange for travel to America In 1618, the headright system was created; 50 acres were given to anyone who brought an indentured servant to America African slaves

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Social Hierarchy in the Chesapeake TOBACCO was the basis of wealth & cause of social inequalities The owners of tobacco plantations Small farmers were the largest class; Came as indentured servants; most were very poor Indentured servants were often mistreated African slaves There were very few women in Virginia, which made it difficult for colonists to marry or to have families

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The Massachusetts Colonies: Plymouth, 1620 Pilgrims = Separatists Left on the Mayflower, Sept. 16, 1620 Mayflower Compact - laws for the new community 1621 - only half of the 101 who had crossed the Atlantic were still alive William Bradford - governor

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The Massachusetts Colonies: Boston, 1630 1629 non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co. Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England. They didnt want to leave the Church, just its impurities. 1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships. Established a colony with Boston as its hub. Great Migration of the 1630s. Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America

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The Great Puritan Migration

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Massachusetts Bay Colony Founded in 1630 Elected Puritan leader John Winthrop as governor Advocated that the Puritans establish a city upon a hill as an example to all people of what a godly community could be

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In what ways was colonial New England different from colonial Virginia?

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New England Colonies, 1650

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The Separatists (known as Pilgrims) formed a joint- stock company & received a royal charter to create the Plymouth Colony in America The Pilgrims created the Mayflower Compact agreeing to work together as a civil body politick (this agreement became the 1st example of self- government in America) The Pilgrims in Plymouth

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Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives like Squanto & Massasoit In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger, more successful Massachusetts Bay colony The Pilgrims in Plymouth

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Puritans tried to remain within the Church of England, but: In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England Puritans arrived in Boston in 1630 From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony as part of the Great Migration Puritans in Massachusetts Bay

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The Great Puritan Migration

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What makes New England society unique?

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Winthrop wanted to build Boston as a city on a hill to be a model to other Christians The Massachusetts colony was very different from Virginia: Settlers usually came as families New England was generally a healthy place to live Settlers sacrificed for the common good, built schools, focused on subsistence farming A City on a Hill

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Social Hierarchy in New England Local elite were religious leaders who ran town meetings Large population of small- scale farmers who were loyal to the local community Small population of landless laborers, servants, & poor RELIGION was the center of society

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What functions could this building have served in New England?

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Government in Massachusetts centered on the church through town meetings: Each Massachusetts town was independently governed by local church members All adult male church members were allowed to vote for local laws & taxes Massachusetts Government

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Town Meetings

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Puritans did not support dissent: Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts when he demanded that Indians be paid for their land; He formed the Rhode Island colony in 1636 Anne Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island for challenging Puritan leaders authority Limiting Dissent in NE

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After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies: New Hampshire Rhode Island Connecticut New Haven Mobility and Division

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What is going on in this image?

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As the New England colonies expanded into new lands, conflicts with Indians arose: Pequot War in 1637 led to the massacre of 600 Indians (the 1st major British-led attack on Indians) King Philips War in 1675 resulted when the Wampanoag raided towns, killing 10% of the colonial New England men Tensions in New England

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What might have caused the hysteria?

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By the 1660s, many New England towns experienced a drop-off in church membership & responded with the Halfway Covenant: Granted church membership to people who had not had a conversion experience This compromise revealed the declining importance of religion in New England Tensions in New England

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In 1692, the Salem witchcraft trials led to the death of 19 & imprisonment of 150 citizens: Caused by a variety of factors: Indians attacks, religious fanaticism, lack of available land, accusations by local girls Tensions in New England

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Salem Witch Craft Trials, 1692

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On the map provided, label each: Virginia Massachusetts Plymouth Rhode Island For each of the above colonies, create a symbol that summarizes the characteristics of the colony Closure Activity

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Complete the following chart then identify the most significant similarities & differences between the Chesapeake & New England colonies ChesapeakeNew England Political Economic Social

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Essential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Southern, New England, & Middle colonies?

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The Massachusetts Colonies: Connecticut & Rhode Island Thomas Hooker - led followers to Connecticut in 1636. Fundamental Order of Connecticut - gave all free men the right to vote for their leaders Roger Williams - banished to Rhode Island in 1636 Anne Hutchinson - excommunicated by Winthrop in 1637, ended up in Rhode Island

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Dissention in the Colony Anne Hutchinson Articulate, strong-willed, & intelligent wife of a prominent merchant Held prayer meetings in her home to discuss sermons & provide her own commentary on religious matters Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. Truly saved didnt need to obey the law of either God or man. (Antinomianism)

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Maryland The colony was the vision of Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) Founded in 1632 as refuge for Catholics in America 1632 - granted a charter for Maryland He died, but his son Cecilius took over

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South Carolina Charles II granted land south of Virginia to 8 supporters in 1663 Given the title of Lord Proprietors Able to exercise their authority with virtual independence Developed a plantation economy, first with sugar, then rice in later years.

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Southern Plantation Economy

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Charleston, South Carolina Founded in 1680, Charleston grew to become the bustling seaport pictured in this drawing done in the 1730s. Charleston was by then the largest city in the mostly rural southern colonies. It flourished as a seaport for the shipment to England of slave-grown Carolina rice. The Southern Colonies

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Additional Colonies: Continued Settlement and Development Carolinas - most settlers were former indentured servants from Virginia and Maryland or Barbados New York - was originally New Netherland, founded by the Dutch Pennsylvania - the colony was largely the work of one man - William Penn, Quakers

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Thomas Corams oil painting (c. 1770) shows the main residence and slave quarters on the Mulberry Plantation near Charleston, South Carolina. The distinctive steep-roofed design of the slave cabins on the left probably reflects African building styles. Slave quarters may not have been located quite as close to the main house as this picture suggests. Thomas Coram, View of Mulberry Street, House and Street. Oil on paper, 10 3 17.6 cm, Gibbes Museum of Art/ Carolina Art Association. 68.18.01

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Pennsylvania: Dream of toleration and peace Another proprietary colony William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 hoping to provide a refuge for Quakers and a model of justice and peace. Quakers believed in the Inner Light, that all people are equal, & the ability to communicate directly with God Penn established good relations with Indians by purchasing land and signing treaties. Pennsylvanias frame of government provided religious freedom and created a legislature with limited powers. The population was ethnically and religiously diverse with most settlers living on farms.

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No colonial proprietor was more idealistic than William Penn, shown here in a portrait made in about 1698 by Francis Place. Penn wanted Pennsylvania to be a place of peace, prosperity, and religious toleration especially for his fellow Quakers. The colony eventually became an economic success but failed to achieve the social harmony that Penn had wanted.

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Quakers - Society of Friends

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Penn's "Holy Experiment" William Penns colony was to serve as a holy experiment Promoted religious toleration, bought land from the Indians, & did not tolerate slavery Allowed a diverse population to move there Philadelphia had an excellent harbor, making it an important trade city in the British colonies

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Closure Activity On the map provided, label each: New York Pennsylvania North & South Carolina Georgia For each of the above colonies, create a symbol that summarizes the characteristics of the colony

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Complete the following chart then identify the most significant similarities & differences between the Middle & Lower South colonies MiddleLower South Political Economic Social

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Lectures

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Why & How Europeans Became Colonizers? (Why would you leave your country for a new home?) ?? ?? ?

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Changes in social and political culture during the Renaissance were important factors, as were economic changes that took place as merchants gained access to new products, which translated into wealth and political power as well as increased demand for luxury goods. Kings and princes saw opportunities for new taxation, economic development, and the physical expansion of their empires. Early experiments with ending serfdom => mobile population in search of new opportunities. Prince Henry of Portugals establishment of a naval academy led to technological developments that were crucial for new exploration and discoveries. The ability of wealthy Spanish monarchs to financially support what seemed an improbable idea for finding a new route to Asia. Possible Answers:

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Commercial Incentive? SocialPoliticalConsequence s? Spanish English French Dutch European Colonial Strategies?