Chapter 2Fundamentals of Motivation

2

Learning Objectives

1) Describe the two sides of motivation: movement and motive.

2) Identify the five basic needs in Maslow’s need hierarchy and differentiate among them.

3) Describe the two-factor theory of motivation and explain its relevance to the practicing manager.

4) Discuss expectancy theory, noting how both valence and expectancy theory influence motivation force.

5) Explain the value of money, employee satisfaction, incentives, and recognition in the motivation process.

6) Develop a “plan of action” for finding a job.

3

What is Motivation?

1) Motivation is a psychological drive that directs a person toward an objective.

2) Motives are the “whys” of behavior.

4

Figure 2.2 - Maslow’s Need Hierarchy When Physiological Needs are Dominant

5

Figure 2.3 - Need Mix When Physiological and Safety Needs Have the Highest

Strength

6

Figure 2.4 - Need Mix When Social Needs Have the Highest Strength

7

Figure 2.5 - Need Mix When Esteem and Self-Actualization Needs Have the Highest

Strength

8

Table 2.1 - The Two-Factor Theory

9

Figure 2.6 - The Result When Hygiene Factors are Not Satisfied

10

Figure 2.7 - The Effects of Motivators onEmployee Performance

11

Figure 2.8 - Motivation-Hygiene and Maslow

12

Figure 2.9 - Motivation-Hygiene Continua

13

Expectancy Theory

1) Motivation = Valence x Expectancy

2) Valence is a person’s preference for a particular outcome.

3) Expectancy is the perceived probability that a specific outcome will follow a specific act.

14

Figure 2.10 - Range of an Individual’s Valence

15

Key Terms in the Chapter

• Motivation• Motives• Physiological needs• Power• Self-actualization• Competence• Safety needs• Social needs• Esteem needs• Prestige• Motivators

• Expectancy theory• Valence• Expectancy• Achievement• High achievers• Need mix• Hygiene factors• Motivational force• Equity theory• Broad banding