Chapter 13Chapter 13

Motivation and EmotionMotivation and Emotion

1. The Psychology of 1. The Psychology of MotivationMotivation

Motive – a stimulus that moves a Motive – a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goalto accomplish a specific goal

Need – a condition in which we Need – a condition in which we require something we lackrequire something we lack

Drives- the forces that motivate an Drives- the forces that motivate an organism to take actionorganism to take action

Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation

Instinct Theory – behavior patterns are genetically Instinct Theory – behavior patterns are genetically transmittedtransmitted

Ex. Freeze when you see a car coming at youEx. Freeze when you see a car coming at youDrive Reduction Theory – people act to reduce Drive Reduction Theory – people act to reduce

drives and their associated tensionsdrives and their associated tensionsEx. Eating to reduce hungerEx. Eating to reduce hungerHumanistic Theory – people act out of a desire for Humanistic Theory – people act out of a desire for

growth and fulfillment beyond basic needsgrowth and fulfillment beyond basic needsEx. Pursuing art or music because it makes you Ex. Pursuing art or music because it makes you

happy even though it may not pay well. happy even though it may not pay well. Sociocultural Theory – individual needs and motives Sociocultural Theory – individual needs and motives

are influenced by culture and societyare influenced by culture and societyEx. Culture affects how we choose to dress, what we Ex. Culture affects how we choose to dress, what we

choose to eat, and how we choose to eat it. choose to eat, and how we choose to eat it.

Abraham Maslow’s Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs

Claimed that people strive to fulfill their Claimed that people strive to fulfill their capacity for self-actualizationcapacity for self-actualization

Self-actualization – need to become what Self-actualization – need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being. one believes he or she is capable of being.

Organized human needs into a hierarchyOrganized human needs into a hierarchy Maslow believed that once needs had Maslow believed that once needs had

been satisfied at one level, the person will been satisfied at one level, the person will try to satisfy needs at the next higher try to satisfy needs at the next higher level. level.

2. Biological Needs: Focus 2. Biological Needs: Focus on Hungeron Hunger

Biological Needs – food, water, air, Biological Needs – food, water, air, temperature, pain avoidancetemperature, pain avoidance

The Hunger Drive The Hunger Drive

regulated by both biological and regulated by both biological and psychological factorspsychological factors

The Role of the MouthThe Role of the Mouth

Study found that dogs stopped Study found that dogs stopped feeding after a brief time even when feeding after a brief time even when food did not make it to their stomachfood did not make it to their stomach

Conclusion – chewing and Conclusion – chewing and swallowing help reduce feelings of swallowing help reduce feelings of hungerhunger

The Role of the StomachThe Role of the Stomach

When we are hungry, stomach When we are hungry, stomach contracts, may cause hunger pangs contracts, may cause hunger pangs that signal hungerthat signal hunger

However, people that have surgery However, people that have surgery to remove their stomachs still to remove their stomachs still experience hungerexperience hunger

Conclusion – stomach plays a role in Conclusion – stomach plays a role in hunger, but is not main factorhunger, but is not main factor

The Role of the The Role of the HypothalamusHypothalamus

Study on rats found that part of the Study on rats found that part of the hypothalamus functions as ‘start hypothalamus functions as ‘start eating’ center and another as a ‘stop eating’ center and another as a ‘stop eating center.’eating center.’

These parts of the hypothalamus These parts of the hypothalamus could be manipulated to force could be manipulated to force overeating or eliminate eating overeating or eliminate eating altogether.altogether.

The Role of Psychological The Role of Psychological InfluencesInfluences

We often eat more in the presence of We often eat more in the presence of othersothers

Some people may eat when upset to Some people may eat when upset to produce good feelingsproduce good feelings

ObesityObesity Definition: weighing more than 30 Definition: weighing more than 30

percent above ones recommended percent above ones recommended weightweight

1 out of 4 American adults is obese. 1 out of 4 American adults is obese. Obesity holds both physical and social Obesity holds both physical and social

consequences. consequences. Obese people are more likely to suffer Obese people are more likely to suffer

from diseasefrom disease Obese people tend to be less popular and Obese people tend to be less popular and

successful than people who are not obesesuccessful than people who are not obese

Relationship between Relationship between heredity and obesityheredity and obesity

Obesity tends to run in familiesObesity tends to run in families People with a certain gene may not People with a certain gene may not

be aware that are eating too much. be aware that are eating too much. Genes also determine the number of Genes also determine the number of

fat cells a person has. fat cells a person has. People metabolize food at different People metabolize food at different

ratesrates

3. Psychological Needs3. Psychological Needs In addition to biological needs, we experience In addition to biological needs, we experience

psychological needspsychological needs Psychological needs often lead us to increase Psychological needs often lead us to increase

the amount of stimulation we experience.the amount of stimulation we experience. Stimulus Motives - desires for stimulation, Stimulus Motives - desires for stimulation,

including sensory stimulation, activity, including sensory stimulation, activity, exploration and manipulation of environmentexploration and manipulation of environment

Sensory Deprivation – absence of stimulation. Sensory Deprivation – absence of stimulation. Study found that people blindfolded and Study found that people blindfolded and deprived of stimulation became extremely deprived of stimulation became extremely uncomfortable and many chose to quit the study. uncomfortable and many chose to quit the study.

Stimulus MotivesStimulus Motives

Desire for Sensory Stimulation – Desire for Sensory Stimulation – some people need stimulation more some people need stimulation more than others. than others.

Achievement Achievement

Achievement Motivation – drive to get Achievement Motivation – drive to get ahead, tackle challenges and meet ahead, tackle challenges and meet high personal standards of successhigh personal standards of success

Performance goals – specific goals, Performance goals – specific goals, such as gaining admission to college, such as gaining admission to college, earning approval of parents, avoiding earning approval of parents, avoiding criticism.criticism.

Learning goals – learning for Learning goals – learning for learning’s sakelearning’s sake

AchievementAchievement

Extrinsic rewards – external Extrinsic rewards – external rewards, such as good grades, rewards, such as good grades, income, respect from others.income, respect from others.

Intrinsic rewards – internal rewards, Intrinsic rewards – internal rewards, such as self-satisfaction, happiness, such as self-satisfaction, happiness, etc. etc.

Making Things FitMaking Things Fit

Cognitive consistency – seek to think and Cognitive consistency – seek to think and behave in a way that fits what they believe and behave in a way that fits what they believe and how others expect them to think and behavehow others expect them to think and behave

Balance theory – people want to hold Balance theory – people want to hold consistent views of the world and share time consistent views of the world and share time with people that share their valueswith people that share their values

Imbalance – when we care for another person, Imbalance – when we care for another person, however are views to not match ourshowever are views to not match ours

Nonbalance – when we dislike or feel Nonbalance – when we dislike or feel indifferent about others, their disagreement indifferent about others, their disagreement with us leaves us indifferentwith us leaves us indifferent

Making Things FitMaking Things Fit

Cognitive Dissonance Theory – Cognitive Dissonance Theory – people are motivated to reduce people are motivated to reduce inconsistency between their inconsistency between their thoughts and actionsthoughts and actions

AffiliationAffiliation

Affiliation – desire to join with others Affiliation – desire to join with others and be part of something larger than and be part of something larger than oneself oneself

Affiliation motivation – helps keep Affiliation motivation – helps keep families, groups and nations families, groups and nations togethertogether

4. Emotions4. Emotions

Emotions – states of feelingEmotions – states of feeling

Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion

Opponent-process theory – emotions Opponent-process theory – emotions often come in pairs, with one emotion often come in pairs, with one emotion being followed by its oppositebeing followed by its opposite

Cannon-Bard theory – physical responses Cannon-Bard theory – physical responses and cognitive activity occur and cognitive activity occur simultaneouslysimultaneously

Cognitive Appraisal – bodily responses of Cognitive Appraisal – bodily responses of all emotions are basically similar but they all emotions are basically similar but they are labeled differently in different are labeled differently in different situationssituations