Chapter 2 Grammar

Cases

• The case of a noun (determined by the ending) tells what a noun does in a sentence:

Case Usage

Nominative subject of sentence

Genitive of

Dative to, for

Accusative direct object

Ablative by, with, from

Declension

• A declension is a group of nouns• We have seen only 1st and 2nd so far

Singular Plural

Nominative 1st Declension2nd Declension

puellacolonuspuer

puellaecolonipueri

Accusative 1st Declension2nd Declension

puellamcolonumpuerum

puellascolonospueros

Gender

• Nouns are either masculine, feminine, or neuter

• Most 1st declensions are feminine (except jobs are masculine)

• 2nd declension nouns are masculine (like colonus) or neuter (like bellum)

• Noun genders CAN NOT change.

Exercise 2.1

1. terra2. puer3. uia4. saxum5. fabula6. colonus7. bellum

Adjectives

• Adjectives must agree with their nouns in case and gender.

• Adjectives are given in all three genders

• Abbreviated in glossary as magnus, -a, -um

Masculine Feminine Neuter

magnus magna magnum big

Conjugations

• A conjugation is a group of verbs• There are four conjugations

1st conjugation stem ends in –A parAt

2nd conjugation stem ends in –E monEt

3rd conjugation stem ends in consonant caDit

4th conjugation stem ends in –I audIt

Singular / Plural Verbs

Conjugation Singular Plural

1st para – t para – nt

2nd mone – t mone – nt

3rd reg – it reg – unt

4th audi – t audi – unt

Irregular es – t su - nt

Exercise 2.4 # 1-4

1. puella puerum monet.2. puer feminam audit.3. femina filium laudat.4. puella fessa est.

1. puellae pueros monent.

2. pueri feminas audiunt.

3. feminae filios laudant.4. puellae fessae sunt.