chapter 2 instructional systems presented by: presented by: shelly romack shelly romack...

Chapter 2Chapter 2Instructional SystemsInstructional Systems

Presented By: Presented By:

Shelly RomackShelly Romack

Instructional Technology and Media for LearningSmaldino, Russell, Heinich, Molenda

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Instructional SystemsInstructional Systems

• An instructional system consists An instructional system consists of a set of interrelated of a set of interrelated components that work together, components that work together, effectively and reliably, within a effectively and reliably, within a particular framework to provide particular framework to provide learning activities necessary to learning activities necessary to accomplish a learning goal.accomplish a learning goal.

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ComponentsComponents• ObjectivesObjectives• MethodsMethods• MediaMedia• EquipmentEquipment• EnvironmentEnvironment• PeoplePeople

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CharacteristicsCharacteristics• DirectionsDirections• Synchronization Synchronization • Group sizeGroup size• LocationLocation• CostsCosts• TimeTime

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Common PrinciplesCommon Principles• Active participation and Active participation and

interactioninteraction• Individual instructionIndividual instruction• Reinforcement or feedbackReinforcement or feedback• Realistic contextRealistic context• Cooperative groupsCooperative groups

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CategoriesCategories• Cooperative learningCooperative learning• GamesGames• SimulationSimulation• Simulation gamesSimulation games• Programmed instructionProgrammed instruction• Programmed tutoringProgrammed tutoring


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Cooperative LearningCooperative Learning

• Involves small heterogeneous groups of Involves small heterogeneous groups of students working together to achieve a students working together to achieve a common academic goal or task while working common academic goal or task while working together to learn collaboration and social together to learn collaboration and social skillsskills

• Group members are responsible for each Group members are responsible for each other’s learning as well as their ownother’s learning as well as their own

• http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/intech/cooperatihttp://edtech.kennesaw.edu/intech/cooperativelearning.htmvelearning.htm

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AdvantagesAdvantages• Active learningActive learning• Social skillsSocial skills• Interdependence Interdependence • Individual accountability Individual accountability

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LimitationsLimitations• Student compatibilityStudent compatibility• Student dependencyStudent dependency• Time consumingTime consuming• IndividualistsIndividualists• Logistical obstaclesLogistical obstacles

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IntegrationIntegration• Students learn to work together Students learn to work together • Students can learn cooperatively Students can learn cooperatively

not only by being taught but also not only by being taught but also by producing materials by producing materials themselvesthemselves

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Computer Based Cooperative LearningComputer Based Cooperative Learning• Software programs can be used to Software programs can be used to

encourage learners to work togetherencourage learners to work together

Online Collaborative LearningOnline Collaborative Learning• The internet can be used for online The internet can be used for online

collaborative learningcollaborative learning

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GamesGames

• A game is an activity in which A game is an activity in which participants follow prescribed participants follow prescribed rules that differ from those of real rules that differ from those of real life as they strive to attain a life as they strive to attain a challenging goal.challenging goal.

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GamesGames

AdvantagesAdvantages• Attractive Attractive • Novel Novel • AtmosphereAtmosphere• Time on task Time on task

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GamesGames

LimitationsLimitations• CompetitionCompetition• DistractionDistraction• Poor designPoor design

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GamesGames

IntegrationIntegration

Instructional games are particularly Instructional games are particularly well suited to:well suited to:• Attainment of cognitive objectivesAttainment of cognitive objectives• Adding motivation to topicsAdding motivation to topics• Basic skillsBasic skills• VocabularyVocabulary

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GamesGames

Adapting the content of instructional Adapting the content of instructional games teachers can change the games teachers can change the subject matter but retain the original subject matter but retain the original game structure.game structure.

Examples include:Examples include:• Tic-Tac-ToeTic-Tac-Toe• RummyRummy• ConcentrationConcentration• BingoBingo

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SimulationsSimulations

• A simulation is an abstraction or A simulation is an abstraction or simplification of some real-life simplification of some real-life situation or process.situation or process.

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AdvantagesAdvantages• Realistic Realistic • SafeSafe• SimplifiedSimplified

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LimitationsLimitations• Time consuming Time consuming • OversimplificationOversimplification

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Simulation and Problem-Based Simulation and Problem-Based LearningLearning

• In problem based learning the In problem based learning the learner is led toward learner is led toward understanding principles through understanding principles through grappling with a problemgrappling with a problem

• Most simulations attempt to Most simulations attempt to immerse participants in a problemimmerse participants in a problem

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IntegrationIntegration• Training in motor skillsTraining in motor skills• Instruction in social interaction Instruction in social interaction

and human relationsand human relations• Development of decision making Development of decision making

skillsskills

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SimulatorSimulator• A simulator is a device employed A simulator is a device employed

to represent a physical system in to represent a physical system in a scale-downed form.a scale-downed form.

Example: Flight Simulator Example: Flight Simulator

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Role PlaysRole Plays• Role play refers to a type of Role play refers to a type of

simulation in which the dominant simulation in which the dominant feature is relatively open-ended feature is relatively open-ended interaction among people.interaction among people.

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Simulation GamesSimulation Games

• A simulation game combines the A simulation game combines the attributes of a simulation with the attributes of a simulation with the attributes of a gameattributes of a game

• They combine characteristics of They combine characteristics of both simulations and games so both simulations and games so they have advantages, they have advantages, limitations, and applications in limitations, and applications in common with both formatscommon with both formats

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IntegrationIntegration• Instructional simulation games are Instructional simulation games are

found in curriculum applications that found in curriculum applications that require repetitive skill practice require repetitive skill practice associated with games and the reality associated with games and the reality context associated with simulationscontext associated with simulations

• They are used by teachers to provide They are used by teachers to provide an overview of a large dynamic an overview of a large dynamic processprocess

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Cooperative Simulation GamesCooperative Simulation Games• Games that challenge the body Games that challenge the body

and imagination but that depend and imagination but that depend on cooperation for successon cooperation for success

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Programmed Programmed InstructionInstruction• Programmed instruction was Programmed instruction was

chronologically the first chronologically the first instructional system and is an instructional system and is an explicit application of principles of explicit application of principles of learning theory operant learning theory operant conditioning or reinforcement conditioning or reinforcement theorytheory

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prograhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_instructionmmed_instruction

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Programmed Programmed InstructionInstruction

AdvantagesAdvantages• Self pacing Self pacing • Practice and feedbackPractice and feedback• Effective Effective

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LimitationsLimitations• Program design Program design • TediousTedious

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IntegrationIntegration• Teachers can use a program to Teachers can use a program to

teach an entire course or a teach an entire course or a segment of a coursesegment of a course

• Can be used as an enrichment Can be used as an enrichment activityactivity

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Programmed TutoringProgrammed Tutoring

• Programmed tutoring (or Programmed tutoring (or structured tutoring) is a type of structured tutoring) is a type of instructional system that provides instructional system that provides one-to-one interaction.one-to-one interaction.

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AdvantagesAdvantages• Self-pacingSelf-pacing• Patience and feedbackPatience and feedback• ReliableReliable• EffectiveEffective

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LimitationsLimitations• Labor intensiveLabor intensive• Development costDevelopment cost

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IntegrationIntegration• Reading and mathematics are the Reading and mathematics are the

most popular subjects for tutoring most popular subjects for tutoring

• Remedial instruction is a typical Remedial instruction is a typical application of tutoring programsapplication of tutoring programs

The EndThe End

Thank you!Thank you!

chapter 2 instructional systems presented by: presented by: shelly romack shelly romack...

Documents

collaborative learning

learning goal

task slide

learning smaldino

cooperative learning

molenda slide

problembased learning

learning activities