chapter 2 – part 2 hardware and software. overview of software 2 computer programs: sequences of...

Chapter 2 – Part 2

Hardware and Software

Overview of Software 2

Computer programs: Sequences of instructions for the computer

Documentation: Describes program functions to help the

user operate the computer system

Types of software3

• is the set of programs designed to coordinate the activities and functions of the hardware and various programs throughout the computer system.

Systems software

• consists of programs that help users solve particular computing problems.

Application software

Systems Software4

2- Utility programs1- Operating systems

Systems Software

1- Operating systems5

Operating Systems 6

Set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs.

Can control one computer or multiple computers, or

The role of the operating system: to act as an interface between application

software and hardware.

Operating Systems 7

• Allows one user at a time• Ex. personal computer

Single computer with a single user

• Accommodate hundreds or thousands of people, all using the computer at the same time

• Ex. mainframe computers.

Single computer with multiple

users• network of computers• Ex. home network with several computers

attached

Multiple computers with multiple users

• number of computers with specialized functions• Ex. those that control sophisticated military

aircraft, digital cameras, or home appliances.

Special-purpose computers

• Combinations of OSs, computers, and users:

Operating Systems (continued)

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Activities performed by the operating system:1. Perform common computer hardware functions2. Provide a user interface and input/output

management3. Provide a degree of hardware independence4. Manage system memory5. Manage processing tasks6. Provide networking capability7. Control access to system resources8. Manage files


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1- Perform common computer hardware functions:

Get input from keyboard or another input device

Retrieve data from disks Store data on disks Display information on a monitor or printer


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2- Provide a user interface and input/output managementOne of the most important functions of any OS is providing a user interface: The element of the operating system that allows

individuals to access and command the computer system

Types: Command-based user interface:

Requires that text commands be given to thecomputer to perform basic activities

Graphical user interface (GUI): Uses icons and menus displayed on screen tosend commands to the computer system


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3- Application program interface (API): The API links application software to the

operating system, providing hardware independence for software developers.

Programmers can use APIs to create application software without understanding the inner workings of the operating system.


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4- Memory management: Allows computer to execute program

instructions effectively and to speed processing.

virtual memory: allocates space on the hard disk to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM. Virtual memory works by swapping programs or

parts of programs between memory and one or more disk devices

To reduces CPU idle time To increases the number of jobs that can run

in a given time span.


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5- Processing tasks:Task management software allows:

Multitasking More than one program can run at the same time

Time-sharing Allows more than one person to use a computer

system at the same time Scalability

Ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly


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6- Networking capability: Allows computers in a network to send and receive

data and share computing resources

7- Access to system resources and security: Protection against unauthorized access OS establishes a logon procedure

8- File management: Ensures that files in secondary storage are available

when needed and that they are protected from access by unauthorized users

Current Operating Systems15

2- Utility Programs16

Utility Programs17

Help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer system

Some can help computer systems run better and longer without problems

Can help to secure and protect data Although many PC utility programs come

installed on computers, you can also purchase utility programs separately.

Utility Programs (continued)18

Application Software19

Application programs: Interact with systems software Help you perform common tasks, such as:

Creating and formatting text documents Performing calculations Managing information

Application Software20

Off-the-shelf softwareProprietary software

Application Software

Application serviceprovider (ASP )

Software as a service(SaaS)

Cloud Computing

Types and Functions of Application Software

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Proprietary software: One-of-a-kind software designed for a

specific application and owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it.

Off-the-shelf software: Software mass-produced by software

vendors to address needs that are common across businesses, organizations, or individuals.

A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software

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Application service provider (ASP): Company that can provide software, support,

and computer hardware on which to run the software from the user’s facilities over a network

Advantages :• contract customization of off-the-shelf software.• speed deployment of new applications while helping IS

managers avoid implementation headaches .• reducing the need for many skilled IS staff members.• decreasing project start-up expenses.


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Disadvantages :• sensitive information could be compromised

in a number of ways, including unauthorized access by employees or computer hackers.

• the ASP might not be able to keep its computers and network up and running as consistently as necessary.

• a disaster could disable the ASP’s data center, temporarily putting an organization out of business.

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Software as a service (SaaS): Allows businesses to subscribe to Web-

delivered business application software by paying a monthly service charge or a per-use fee.

Like ASP, SaaS providers maintain software on their own servers and provide access to it over the Internet.

uses a Web browser-based user interface. Can reduce expenses by sharing its running

applications among many businesses.



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Cloud computing: Use of computing resources on the Internet (the

cloud) rather than on local computers. Rather than installing, storing, and running

software on your own computer, with cloud computing, you use the Web browser to access software stored and delivered from a Web server.

The data generated by the software is also stored on the Web server.

Collaborate with others by sharing documents on the Internet.

Personal Application Software

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word processing : Used to write reports, letters, or term papers. can be used to create, edit, and print documents. checking spelling, creating tables, inserting

formulas, creating graphics, and much more. Ex. Microsoft Word.

Spreadsheet Analysis: Used to prepare budgets, forecast profits, analyze

insurance programs, summarize income tax data, and analyze investments.

Has Features include graphics, limited database capabilities, statistical analysis, built-in business functions.

Ex. Microsoft Excel.


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Database Applications: are ideal for storing, manipulating, and

retrieving data. useful when you need to manipulate a large

amount of data and produce reports and documents.

Ex. Microsoft Access.

Graphic Programs : can be used to develop advertising brochures,

announcements, and full-color presentations. Ex. Microsoft PowerPoint


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Personal Information Managers (PIMs) : help individuals, groups, and organizations

store useful information, such as a list of tasks to complete or a list of names and addresses.

Some PIMs allow you to schedule and coordinate group meetings

Ex. Microsoft Outlook

Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages

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Software Suites A software suite is a collection of single

programs packaged together in a bundle. Software suites can include a word processor,

spreadsheet, database management system, graphics program, communications tool, organizer, and more

Advantages

1. Cost less than buying individual packages2. All have similar GUI3. Programs designed to work well together


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Major Components of Leading Software Suites:


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Integrated Software Packages: Integrated packages combine the functions of

several programs into one package.

Ex. Microsoft Works is one program that contains basic word processing, spreadsheet, database, address book, calendar, and other applications.

Advantages

1. Many functions for lower price2. Uses less disk space

Examples of Personal Application software

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Mobile Application Software35

Operating systems designed for smartphones include: OS X iPhone, Android

Many applications have been developed by third parties for the iPhone

Mobile Application Software36

Workgroup Application Software

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Support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world.

Groupware: Software that helps groups of people work

together more effectively. E.g., Lotus Notes, , Microsoft Groove ,

Novell GroupWise.

Enterprise Application Software

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Software that benefits an entire organization

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: Set of integrated programs that manage a

company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization

Ex. SAP

Programming Languages39

Sets of keywords, symbols, and rules for constructing statements that people can use to communicate instructions to a computer.

Involves translating what a user wants to accomplish into instructions that the computer can understand and execute

chapter 2 – part 2 hardware and software. overview of software 2 computer programs: sequences of...

Documents

computer programs

operating systems continued91

operating systems continued102

computer documentation

computer systemtypes

application programs

commandbased user interface

api links application