chapter 2 principles of ecology
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Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology. Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships. Section 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem. Section 3: Cycling of Matter. Principles of Ecology. Chapter 2. 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships. Ecology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology
Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Section 3: Cycling of Matter
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Ecology Scientific discipline in which the
relationships among living organisms and their environment.
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology
Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods.
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The Biosphere A thin layer around Earth
Principles of Ecology
Extends several kilometers above the Earth’s surface
Extends several kilometers below the ocean’s surface
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2
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The Biosphere
Principles of Ecology
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2
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Biotic Factors
Principles of Ecology
Living factors in an organism’s environment Ex: Animals, plants
Abiotic Factors Nonliving factors in an organism’s
environment Ex: Sunlight, temperature
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2
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Levels of Organization
Principles of Ecology
Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase.
organism population biological community ecosystem biome biosphere
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2
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The lowest level of organization is the individual organism .
Principles of Ecology
Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population.
A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time.
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2
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An ecosystem is a biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it.
Principles of Ecology
A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities.
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2
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Ecosystem Interactions
Principles of Ecology
A habitat is an area where an organism lives.
A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment.
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2
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• While many species may share a habitat, this is not true of a niche. Each plant and animal species is a member of a community. The niche describes the species' role or function within this community.
• For example, the red fox's habitat might include forest edges, meadows and the bank of a river. The niche of the red fox is that of a predator which feeds on the small mammals, amphibians, insects, and fruit found in this habitat. Red foxes are active at night. They provides blood for blackflies and mosquitoes, and are host to numerous diseases. The scraps, or carrion, left behind after a fox's meal provide food for many small scavengers and decomposers. This then is the ecological niche of the red fox. Only the red fox occupies this niche in the meadow-forest edge communities. In other plant communities different species of animal may occupy a similar niche to that of the red fox. For example, in the grassland communities of western Canada and the United States, the coyote occupies a similar niche (to that of the red fox.)
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Carefully observe the picture below and list all the abiotic factors and
biotic factors you see.
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Community Interactions
Principles of Ecology
Competition Occurs when more than one organism
uses a resource at the same time Predation
Many species get their food by eating other organisms.
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2
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Symbiotic Relationships
Principles of Ecology
The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together
Mutualism: both benefit Commensalism: one benefits, the other is
not helped or harmed. Parasitism: one benefits and the other is
harmed.
2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2
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Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
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Energy in an Ecosystem
Autotrophs AKA Producer
2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Principles of Ecology
Organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food
Heterotrophs AKA Consumer
Organism that gets it energy requirements byconsuming other organisms
Chapter 2
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Heterotrophs, AKA Consumers
Types:Herbivores: plant eatersCarnivores: meat eatersOmnivores: plant and meat eatersDetritivores: eat plant and animal remains
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ecosystem, and return nutrients to the soil, air, and water to be
reused.
Decomposers get energy from fragments of dead matter in an
Principles of Ecology
Fungus
2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2
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Principles of Ecology
Models of Energy Flow
Food chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem.
Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.
2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2
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What are trophic levels?• Trophic levels represent each step in a food chain
– 1st level = producers– 2nd level = herbivores– 3rd level and up = carnivores and omnivores
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Principles of Ecology
Food Chains A food chain is a
simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem from one organism to another.
2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2
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Principles of Ecology
Food Webs
A food web is a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.
2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2
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Principles of Ecology
Ecological Pyramids A diagram that can show the amounts of
energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level
2.2 Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2
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Only about 10 percent of the total energy gets passed from one trophic level to the next.
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Cycles in the Biosphere
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Principles of Ecology
Energy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem.
The cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves both matter in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering.
Chapter 2
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The Water Cycle
Principles of Ecology
2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2
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Principles of Ecology
The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2
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Principles of Ecology
The Nitrogen Cycle
The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation.
2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2
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Principles of Ecology
Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways:
Animals urinate. Organisms die. Organisms convert ammonia into
nitrogen compounds. Denitrification
2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2
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Principles of Ecology
The Phosphorus Cycle
2.3 Cycling of MatterChapter 2
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Making your own “tri-fold” Cycling of Matter Study Guide
You must have the following words (and define them!!) in each of your cycles. You must also come up with your own creative
environment/scenario (NOT found in your textbook).
Water Cycle•Transpiration•Precipitation•Evaporation•Percolation•Run off•Solar energy•Water
Nitrogen Cycle•Atmospheric nitrogen•Nitrogen fixing bacteria & plant roots•Denitrifying bacteria•Nitrifying bacteria•Excretion/Animal Waste•Animal•Plants
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Carbon-Oxygen Cycle•Balanced Equation: Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration•Respiration•CO2 (where)•O2 (where)•Diffusion•Combustion•Plants & Animals•Decomposition•Fossil Fuels
Phosphorous Cycle•Phosphates•Sediments•Weathering of rocks/Erosion•Decomposers•Animal waste/decay•Plants•Animals