chapter 2: sustainable city, smart city summer course, aust, 2015

Smart City Solu-on and Implementa-on AUST Summer Course

Chapter 2 : Sustainable City

Professor Isam SHAHROUR Isam.shahrour@univ-‐lille1.fr

Sustainable City: A city that contributes to sustainable development

Interna-onal concern and priority since about 40 years

Q1 : What is Sustainability ? Q2: Sustainability indicators ? Q3 : City challenges regarding sustainability ?

3 Ques-ons

Sustainable development is the “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future genera-ons to meet their own needs.

“Sustainable development” Report “Our Common Future” (1987) of the World Commission on Environment and Development

Two key concepts: •  The concept of 'needs', in parNcular the essenNal needs of the world's poor, to which priority should be given.

Sustainable development

•  The idea of limitaNons imposed by the state of technology and social organizaNon on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs

Sustainable development -meline

1976 : United Na-ons Conference on Human SeSelment

Organized within the mandate of the United NaNons General Assembly for the promoNon of ecological and social sustainability of ciNes.

Provides a definiNon of suitable habitat and proposes recommendaNons to enable it to all the popula-on


DefiniNon of “Sustainable Development" as that meets the needs of the present generaNon without compromising the needs of future generaNons.

1987 : World Commission on Environment and development Our Common Future (Brundtland Report)

2500 recommendaNons on health, housing, air polluNon, seas, forests, mountains, deserNficaNon, water resources, sanitaNon, agriculture and wastes

Agenda 21

Today, Agenda 21 is the reference document in sustainable territorial development.

h[p://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_sd21st/21_pdf/SD21_Study1_Rio_Principles.pdf

Sustainable development -meline 1992 : Earth Summit – Rio de Janeiro

Principle 1: Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development.

Principle 4 In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protecNon consNtutes an integral part of the development process

Agenda 21

1996 – Habitat Agenda Istanbul 20 years a^er Habitat 1


Statement The situaNon of housing and human se[lement conNnue to deteriorate. CiNes and villages are centers of civilizaNon: drivers of economic, social cultural and spiritual development We must preserve their diversity

1996 – Habitat Agenda Istanbul Priority to :

•  excessive concentraNons; •  situaNon of the homeless; •  increased poverty; •  unemployment; •  social exclusion; •  family instability; •  insufficient resources •  infrastructure and basic services;

•  gaps in the planning; •  increased insecurity and

violence; •  environmental degradaNon

and •  increased vulnerability to

disasters.

Sustainable development -meline 2002 : World Summit on Sustainable development (Summit of Johannesburg)

10 years a^er Rio Summit (Agenda 21)

•  The objecNves of the Rio conference were confirmed. •  A[enNon to social and economic development (Rio

conference focused on environment)


2005 : Koyoto protocol

InternaNonal treaty for the reducNon of greenhouse emission

ObjecNve : ReducNon by at least 5% of the greenhouse emission (compared to 1990 level) during the period 2008 – 2012.

h[p://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html

2012 : Rio+20 :

Two objec-ves •  Green economy in the context of sustainable development •  Poverty eradicaNon

•  Significant differences between members on these objecNves. •  Absence of several leaders: Barack Obama, Angela Merkel and David Cameron

Document "The Future We Want" reiterates the commitments of previous summits: •  Launching a process to establish sustainable

development goals. •  CreaNon of a ”Forum” for monitoring sustainable

development •  Reinforcement of the United NaNons Environment

Program (UNEP)

France : Grenelle de l’environnement

Process

2007 – 2009 Large concentraNon : social, economic and poliNcal actors (34 commi[ees)

August 2009 : Grenelle 1 Law (process of implementaNon of the Grenelle) July 2010: Grenelle 2 Law (NaNonal engagement for the environment).

Sustainable development in France Grenelle 1: 2009 Grenelle 2: 2010

Grenelle 2 LOI no 2010-‐788 du 12 juillet 2010

Portant engagement na-onal pour l’environnement

•  Building and urban planning; •  Transport; •  Energy and climate; •  Biodiversity •  Environmental, health; •  Governance

6 sec-ons

A sustainable city :

A city designed, built, and managed in a manner where ciNzens meet their own needs without endangering the well-‐being of the natural world or the living condiNons of other people, now or in the future”

Sustainability

Environment

Social economy

Sustainability

Sustainable development 1. Environment : -‐  Preserva-on of natural resources: Water, Energy, ConstrucNon material, Other materials Pollu-on reduc-on: Air, Water, Soils

Waste treatment & recycling Solid waste, Water sewage, demoliNon materials, industrial wastes,…

1. Environment : -‐  Land protec-on

Agriculture area, Green space, Drainage space (water infiltraNon,..) Ques-on : Intense city ? -‐  Natural disaster

-‐  ProtecNon, Emergency, Resilience

Sustainable City

•  Social exclusion, minority, social mixity •  Children, women, •  Social aid •  Services expenses modulaNon (housing, transport, educaNon, health,..)

•  Old people services

2. Social •  Poverty •  Housing •  Health, EducaNon

•  Governance parNcipaNon

Sustainable City

3. Economy •  Economic development (Jobs, income increase….)

•  Cost saving •  Economic transiNon : from old industry to modern economy

•  Research and innovaNon •  Digital integraNon •  A[racNveness & compeNNveness

•  A1 Sustainable Development and educaNon •  A2 Social Policies for Sustainable Development

VIDEOS


3 Ques-ons

Indicators are needed for: •  ObservaNon, •  Analysis, Understanding •  Planning, Control

“We can not control what we do not measure”

Indicator : some thing that indicates the state or level of something (Oxford Dictionary)

Indicators of sustainable development are crucial for: •  CreaNng a “concrete definiNon” of sustainability.

•  ElaboraNon of strategy with goals to be achieved and means to be mobilized.

•  Tracking progress towards goal. •  In case of a gap between goal and realizaNon, readjusNng the strategy.

Indicators of sustainable development

Agenda 21 (1992) recommended: •  The construcNon of indicators for sustainable

development, which will be used in decision-‐making at all levels

•  The harmonizaNon of global efforts

1995: The United Na-ons Commission on Sustainable Development proposed a set of indicators for SD.

It includes a group of 134 indicators (Blue Book) 1995 -‐ 1996: Development of a methodology for each indicator

1996 -‐ 1999: 22 voluntary countries tested these indicators

Results: •  Group of indicators not adapted for pracNcal use •  Reduce the number of indicators from 134 to 58 •  ClassificaNon of the indicators into themes and

subthemes

New set of indicators established in 2001 (2nd Edi-on of the Blue Book)

2005: revision of the indicators for: •  IntegraNng new ideas about the role of indicators in

the SD •  Integrate new feedbacks •  Harmonize SD indicators with other UN strategies

October 2007: New edi-on of SD indicators

3rd Edi-on of SD indicators •  50 key indicators in a set of 96 indicators •  Taking into account the specificiNes of countries

Key indicators: •  Cover the SD issues in the majority of countries •  Give greater informaNon •  Can be determined by the majority of countries

New set of indicators 14 themes :

United Kingdom

13 indictors


3 Ques-ons

Major city challenges regarding sustainability ?

Complexity of the organizaNon and competencies Infrastructure Funding

Complexity of the organiza-on and competencies

CITY State

Exemple : Local gouvernement in France

•  Municipality : 36 700 (in 1884) •  FederaNon of ciNes (intercommunalités) •  Department : 101 (in 1871) •  Region : 22 (in 1982) 2016 : ReducNon to 11

Intercommunalités (Federa-on of Ci-es)

•  Communautés Urbaines (> 250 000 ) (in 1966) (nombre 15)

•  Communautés d’aggloméraNons (>15 000 ) •  Communauté de communes

Responsibili-es & Competency Domain City

(Federa-on of ci-es)

Department Region State

Urban planning X X X X

Environment X X X X

Large urban facili-es

X X X X

Roads Urban Departmental Na-onal

Housing Social aid Subven-on, social housing

Funding Na-onal policy


Complexity of the organiza-on and competencies Infrastructure Funding

Urban infrastructures description

•  Water (drinking and sewage) •  Energy (gas, electricity, heaNng) •  TelecommunicaNons

Urban Networks: the arteries of the city


Electrical Grid in France

Line high tension : 593 000 km Line low tension : 664 000 km Transformer : 726 000

Water network in France •  Pipes : 906 000 km •  50 % : installed before 1972 •  Yearly replacement : 0,6%

Urban Networks characteris-cs: •  Buried (invisible, ...) •  Mixed (old and new, some more than 150 years old)

•  Huge investment and operaNng costs •  high interdependency


Buildings (habita-on, services and work)


Statement •  Mainly old ciNes •  Constructed in the 15th -‐ 20th •  Largely expanded la[er •  Related to the industrial and economic

development •  Large construcNon programs aver the 2nd

world war (Europe)

Infrastructures in developed countries

Inadequate for todays requirement •  Rapid city expansion •  Unsustainable urbanizaNon •  Mixed : old (more than 150 years), new … •  Lack of maintenance •  Lack of investment •  Increase quality demand •  Responsibility (??)


80%

Poor quality

Example : buildings in France

Excellent quality

Challenges : -‐  Need for huge investment (crisis context) -‐  Lack of major innovaNons in urban

infrastructures -‐  Socio-‐economic model (role of the private

sector, taxes, social model,....) -‐  Cultural change, -‐  Governance (responsibility,….)


Statement •  Huge expansion of urban areas •  Slums •  Lack of buildings & infrastructures •  Poor quality construcNon •  Poor basic infrastructure (drinking water,

sanitaNon, energy, roads)

Infrastructures in low income countries

•  Urban planning •  Lack of funding •  Lack of qualificaNon(technology, management,…) •  CorrupNon

Challenges : -‐  Need for huge investment (crisis context) -‐  Lack of major innovaNons in urban

infrastructures -‐  Socio-‐economic model (role of the private

sector, taxes, social model,....) -‐  Cultural change, -‐  Governance (responsibility,….)


Challenges : •  Huge need for Infrastructures •  Huge urban expansion •  Need for qualificaNons (building capacity) •  Governance : transparency, corrupNon, •  Huge investment



Complexity of the organiza-on and competencies Infrastructure Funding

Pubic funding : State, Region, City

Finance for sustainable development

Private sector: Green industry

Users: charges for roads, tunnels, city access, parking, waste treatment,..

Public – private partnership

Taxes : Greenhouse gas taxes,..

Innova-on : reducNon of the cost, new market,..

Conclusion

The Concept of sustainable development (SD) is well established. However, it should be adapted to the local context.

It has a major role in the protecNon of the environment and the life quality in the present and in the future.

Due to the high urbanizaNon, the city has a major role in the implementaNon of SD.

Conclusion

Implementa-on of SD requires : -‐  high poliNcal resoluNon -‐  parNcipaNon of all the stakeholders (administraNon,

private sector, ciNzens,…) -‐  Cultural change -‐  Establishment of regulaNons -‐  Funding

•  A3 Sustainability indicators •  A4 Planning Sustainable CiNes •  A5 Rio Mayor Eduar do Paes_2012.

VIDEOS

chapter 2: sustainable city, smart city summer course, aust, 2015

Education

agricultureandwastes

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driversof economic

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