chapter 2 the chemistry of life section 3 carbon compounds
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
Section 3Carbon Compounds
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Organic Chemistry The study of all compounds that contains
bonds between carbon atoms
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The Chemistry of Carbon Each electron can form with an electron
from another atom to form strong covalent bonds.
Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons. Carbon can bond with almost any other
element. Carbon atoms can also bond with other
carbon atoms.
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Carbon chains Because carbon can bond with other
carbon atoms, it can form chains. Chains can be any length. Carbon – carbon bonds can be single,
double or triple covalent bonds. Chains can form into rings
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Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane
Section 2-3
Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds
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Macromolecules Giant molecules are Formed by polymerization – large
compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.
Monomers are smaller units that join together to form polymers
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Four groups of organic compounds (macromolecules) Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
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Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen atoms. Are the main source of energy for living
things. Provides quick energy – easily and quickly
enter the bloodstream
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Energy source Simple carbohydrates – sugars such as
glucose, fructose and galactose. Breakdown and give immediate energy for
cell activities. Complex carbohydrates – starches. Living things store extra sugar as starch
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Starch
Glucose
Section 2-3
Figure 2-13 A Starch
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Sugars Monosaccharides – single sugar
molecules. Examples: galactose, fructose Polysaccharides – large macromolecules
formed from monosaccharides Examples: glycogen (animal starch). Use: When glucose runs low, glycogen is
released from the liver and provides energy
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Sugars, continued Example: Plant starch – stores excess
sugar Example: Cellulose – structural
polysacchride; gives plants strength and rigidity
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Lipids Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Not water soluble Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen
atoms Contains some oxygen atoms Steroids – cholesterol, bile, cortisone, sex
hormones (testosterone, progesterone)
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Lipids Saturated fats – contain the maximum
amount of H atoms; Ex. Meat and dairy products
Unsaturated fats – contains one carbon-carbon double bond Ex. Nuts, vegetable oil, fish
Polyunsaturated – contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond. Ex. Cooking oils
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Lipids Functions in living organisms include:
Energy source (slow breakdown) Insulation Cushion and protect organs Component of membranes (phospholipids) Chemical messengers – send information
between cell organelles and other cells
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Nucleic Acids Macromolecules containing hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorous.
Composed of nucleotides Nucleotides – consist of a 5-carbon
sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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Nucleic acids Store and transmit genetic information Two kinds:
RNA – ribonucleic acid DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
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Proteins
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Are polymers of molecules called amino acids (20 different amino acids)
(Translation – proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds)
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General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
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Amino group Carboxyl group
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Amino Acids DNA contains the instructions for
arranging amino acids into proteins. Each protein has a different role:
Control rate of reactions within a cell Regulate cell processes Form bones and muscles Transport substances into or out of cells to
help fight disease
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Aminoacids
Section 2-3Figure 2-17 A Protein
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Assignment Make a compare/contrast table entitled:
Four Groups of Organic Compounds Column Titles are:
Group Name Chemical Composition Examples Functions in Living Things