chapter 2 the nature of molecules. which elements are most significant to biologists? six of these...
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CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2
The Nature of Molecules
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Which Elements Are Most Significant To Biologists?Which Elements Are Most Significant To Biologists?
Six of these plus a few other trace elements
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Figure 2.3 Nitrogen deficiency
All plants need nitrogen to grow. Do you know why?
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Heavy isotopes are used
As biological Tracers
Do you know Why?
ISOTOPESISOTOPES
3H hydrogen (tritium)
14C carbon
32P phosphorous
35S sulfur
131I iodine
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Figure 2.8 The Tokaimura nuclear accident
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RADIOACTIVE TRACERSRADIOACTIVE TRACERS
Examples of how biologists use isotopes to trace specific molecules
AUTORADIOGRAPHY - locate specific molecules within cells w/ X-ray film
SCINTILLATION COUNTER - follow and chart metabolic activity within cells
PET SCAN - Positron Emission Tomography reveals location of intense chemical activity
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Figure 2.6 Using radioactive isotopes to study cell chemistry
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Figure 2.4 Goiter
Iodine is used to trace thyroid problems
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Figure 2.5 Two simplified models of a helium (He) atom
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Figure 2.9 Energy levels of an atom’s electrons
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Figure 2.11 Electron orbitals
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Figure 2.10 Electron configurations of the first 18 elements
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IONIC BONDSIONIC BONDS
the transfer of electrons loss of electron(s) cation
gain of electron(s) anion dissociate in aq. soln.
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Figure 2.15 A sodium chloride crystal
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COVALENT BONDSCOVALENT BONDS
sharing of electron pairs
strong bonds in aqueous solution
The most common bond in organic molecules
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COVALENT BONDSCOVALENT BONDS
sharing of electron pairs strong bonds in aqueous solution
NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND
CH4
C & H equal affinity for electrons
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Figure 2.12x Methane
What is the shape of this molecule?
Why does this molecule havethis shape?
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COVALENT BONDSCOVALENT BONDS
POLAR COVALENT BOND
H2O
ELECTRONEGATIVITY each atom in polar bond has partial
charge creating opposite poles or polarity
remember O and N bonded to H
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Figure 2.13 Polar covalent bonds in a water molecule
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HYDROGEN BONDSHYDROGEN BONDS
weak bonds
bonds between polar molecules or polar parts of large macromolecules.
H-bonds give macromolecules their 3-D shape.
water forms hydration shells hydration shells around ions
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HYDROGEN BONDSHYDROGEN BONDS
You must understand hydrogen interactions to understand biochemistry
You must understand hydrogen interactions to understand biochemistry
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Hydrophobic InteractionsHydrophobic Interactions
nonpolar w/ nonpolar
squeeze out water
Important in shaping and organizing the molecules of life
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Most Common Bond in LifeCovalent Bond
Electrons are shared Overlapping orbitals &
lack of charge strong in aqueous
solution
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Covalent bonds are not all created equal
Nonpolar Covalent atoms share electrons equally
Example: O2 CH4
Polar Covalent Atoms shared electrons unequally Slightly positive and slightly negative pole
H2O NH3
Hate hanging out w/ water
Love hanging out w/ water
Why?????
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Hydrogen Bond
Technically these are Fake Bonds
Interactions between polar molecules
molecules with slightly charged poles can hydrogen bond
sticky
sticky
sticky
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Hydrogen bonds give water many
special properties
sticky
Effects onTemperature
Great solvent
Also very important Determines 3D shape of many organic molecules!!!!!
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The Medium of Life
hydrophobicVs.
hydrophilic
Biochemistry is wet chemistry
Only molecule found in all three states on the surface of the earth
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Hydrogen bonds give water many
special properties
sticky
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Hydrogen bonds help determine the
shape of macromolecules
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Review of some helpful terms
Atoms Molecules Macromolecules
Protons Functional Groups Carb’sNeutrons Nonpolar LipidsElectrons Polar Proteins
Nucleic AcidsIons InorganicIsotopes Organic
How are these used?
How do these How do these differ?
differ?
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An the most important Love/Hate Relationship
on earth
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
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3-D shape is essential to structure/function
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Unnumbered Figure (Page 38) Chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
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Figure 2.20 Photosynthesis: a solar-powered rearrangement of matter
The bubbles are evidence
that ????
Is taking place
Can you fill in the ?????