Chapter 20: The Chapter 20: The Conservative Order & Conservative Order &

the Challenges of the Challenges of Reform 1815-1832Reform 1815-1832

Section 1: The Challenges Section 1: The Challenges of Nationalism & Liberalismof Nationalism & Liberalism

What were the goals of the 1815 What were the goals of the 1815 Congress of Vienna?Congress of Vienna?

What were the five “isms” that emerged What were the five “isms” that emerged in the 19in the 19thth century? century?

How was it that it was in fact How was it that it was in fact nationalists who actually created nationalists who actually created nations in the 19nations in the 19thth century? century?

What role did/does nationalism play in What role did/does nationalism play in the foundation of nationalism?the foundation of nationalism?

What were the goals of nationalists? What were the goals of nationalists? What difficulties did nationalists What difficulties did nationalists confront when trying to realize these confront when trying to realize these goals?goals?

Why was nationalism a special threat to Why was nationalism a special threat to the Austrian & Russian Empires? What the Austrian & Russian Empires? What other European powers faces other European powers faces nationalistic pressure in the years 1815-nationalistic pressure in the years 1815-1832?1832?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Daniel O’Connor

Section 1: The Challenges Section 1: The Challenges of Nationalism & Liberalismof Nationalism & Liberalism

What were the tenants of 19What were the tenants of 19thth century century European liberalism? European liberalism?

Who were the liberals, & how did Who were the liberals, & how did liberalism affect the political liberalism affect the political developments of the early 19developments of the early 19thth century century

What were the political goals of 19What were the political goals of 19thth century European liberals? century European liberals?

Although liberals wanted broader Although liberals wanted broader political participation, they did not political participation, they did not advocate democracy. Why? advocate democracy. Why?

What were the economic goals of What were the economic goals of century European liberals?century European liberals?

Section 2: Conservative Section 2: Conservative Governments: The Domestic Governments: The Domestic

Political OutlookPolitical Outlook What were the three major What were the three major

pillars of 19pillars of 19thth century century European conservatism?European conservatism?

Who epitomized 19Who epitomized 19thth century century European conservatism?European conservatism?

Why, following 1815, did Why, following 1815, did conservative aristocrats feel conservative aristocrats feel as if they were always on the as if they were always on the defensive? What does the term defensive? What does the term ‘reactionary’ mean?‘reactionary’ mean?

What difficulties did the What difficulties did the conservative régimes of conservative régimes of Austria, Prussian, & Russia Austria, Prussian, & Russia face after 1815?face after 1815?

What were the Carlsbad What were the Carlsbad Decrees?Decrees?

Section 2: Conservative Section 2: Conservative Governments: The Domestic Governments: The Domestic

Political OutlookPolitical Outlook What were the 1819 What were the 1819 Six ActsSix Acts? ?

What was the overall goal of What was the overall goal of the the Six ActsSix Acts? ?

Prime Minister Sir

Arthur Wellesley, 1st

Duke of Wellington

Section 2: Conservative Governments: The Section 2: Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political OutlookDomestic Political Outlook

To what extent did To what extent did the Charter of the Charter of 1814 accept the 1814 accept the changes of the changes of the French Revolution French Revolution and the and the Napoleonic era?Napoleonic era?

What was What was ultraroyalism? ultraroyalism? What did Charles What did Charles X hope to X hope to accomplish?accomplish?

King Louis XVIII

The Count of Artois,the future

King Charles X

Section 3: The Conservative Section 3: The Conservative International OrderInternational Order What was the Concert of Europe? Who were the What was the Concert of Europe? Who were the

major powers that took part in the Concert? major powers that took part in the Concert? What were the goals of the Concert? Did the Concert What were the goals of the Concert? Did the Concert

uphold the ideals of the Congress of Vienna system?uphold the ideals of the Congress of Vienna system? What nations were in the Holy Alliance? What did the What nations were in the Holy Alliance? What did the

Holy Alliance stand for? What was it against?Holy Alliance stand for? What was it against? What action was taken by the Congress of Troppau What action was taken by the Congress of Troppau

under Metternich’s leadership when Naples was under Metternich’s leadership when Naples was overthrown by revolutionaries? What was the overthrown by revolutionaries? What was the reaction of Tsar Alexander I?reaction of Tsar Alexander I?

What actions did the Congress decided to take at the What actions did the Congress decided to take at the Verona conference in 1822? What was not done that Verona conference in 1822? What was not done that was a departure from past international actions?was a departure from past international actions?

Section 3: The Conservative Section 3: The Conservative International OrderInternational Order

What was the “Eastern Question”? What were the What was the “Eastern Question”? What were the specific interests that the Congress/Concert powers specific interests that the Congress/Concert powers had in Ottoman affairs?had in Ottoman affairs?

Section 3: The Conservative Section 3: The Conservative International OrderInternational Order

By 1830, how had By 1830, how had European political European political ambitions & the ambitions & the ideas of liberalism ideas of liberalism & nationalism & nationalism begun to begun to undermine the undermine the Ottoman Empire?Ottoman Empire?

Why was Greece Why was Greece able to win its able to win its independence from independence from the Ottomans in the Ottomans in 1829-1830?1829-1830?

Section 3: The Conservative Section 3: The Conservative International OrderInternational Order Why did the Ottoman Empire willingly grant Why did the Ottoman Empire willingly grant

Serbia its independence in 1830?Serbia its independence in 1830? What member of the Holy Alliance declared What member of the Holy Alliance declared

itself the formal protector or Serbia? Why?itself the formal protector or Serbia? Why?

Miloš Obrenović

1st Prince of Serbia

Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in EuropeEurope What was the impact of the Decembrist Revolt in Russia after What was the impact of the Decembrist Revolt in Russia after

the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825?the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825? What was Tsar Nicholas I’s policy of “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, & What was Tsar Nicholas I’s policy of “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, &

Nationalism”? Was this slogan the embodiment of the “Slavic Nationalism”? Was this slogan the embodiment of the “Slavic Revival”?Revival”?

Why did Belgium’s revolt win independence in 1830 for Why did Belgium’s revolt win independence in 1830 for Belgium but the 1830 Polish revolt did not achieve the same Belgium but the 1830 Polish revolt did not achieve the same for Poland?for Poland?

Nicholas Constantine

You can be

the Tsar…

No, really…you be the

Tsar…

WOULD SOMEONE PLEASE BE THE TSAR!

The Decembrist Uprising - 1825

The Decembrist Uprising - 1825

Nicholas I

* Orthodoxy!

* Autocracy!

* Nationalism!

Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europein Europe Why did the July Ordinances of Why did the July Ordinances of

Charles X in 1830 lead to revolt Charles X in 1830 lead to revolt by the republicans & the by the republicans & the abdication of the king?abdication of the king?

Why was King Louis- Philippe Why was King Louis- Philippe acceptable to both the Chamber acceptable to both the Chamber of Deputies of Deputies (controlled by the (controlled by the upper bourgeoisie)upper bourgeoisie) and the and the republicans who led the 1830 republicans who led the 1830 revolt?revolt?

Louis-Philippe,

King of the French

Coat of Arms of Louis-Philippe

Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in EuropeEurope

1830 Belgium revolts against the Netherlands and becomes 1830 Belgium revolts against the Netherlands and becomes the Kingdom of Belgium. The new King of Belgium, the Kingdom of Belgium. The new King of Belgium, Leopold, is installed because he was the uncle of Britain’s Leopold, is installed because he was the uncle of Britain’s Queen Victoria and married the daughter of France’s Queen Victoria and married the daughter of France’s Louis-Philippe.Louis-Philippe.

In order to establish a buffer between France and Germany, the Congress of Vienna created a kingdom of In order to establish a buffer between France and Germany, the Congress of Vienna created a kingdom of the Netherlands by combining Holland and Belgium (the latter the former Austrian Netherlands). the Netherlands by combining Holland and Belgium (the latter the former Austrian Netherlands). Belgium chafed under Dutch rule, however, and in 1830 the Catholic nobility and the middle-class Belgium chafed under Dutch rule, however, and in 1830 the Catholic nobility and the middle-class liberals joined forces in an insurrection that resulted in the creation of the independent state of liberals joined forces in an insurrection that resulted in the creation of the independent state of Belgium. Here, the two countries are caricatured as dogs on the same leash, Belgium resisting the Belgium. Here, the two countries are caricatured as dogs on the same leash, Belgium resisting the constraint of Holland. constraint of Holland.

Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in Section 5: The Conservative Order Shaken in EuropeEurope

What two factors What two factors contributed to Britain contributed to Britain avoiding revolution in avoiding revolution in the 1830s?the 1830s?

Why did Prime Why did Prime Ministers Grey & Peel Ministers Grey & Peel push through the 1829 push through the 1829 Catholic Emancipation Catholic Emancipation Act?Act?

What changes did the What changes did the 1832 Great Reform Bill 1832 Great Reform Bill make to the British make to the British electorate?electorate?

Lord Grey