Chapter 20Chapter 20

The Nation Claims an EmpireThe Nation Claims an Empire

America Is Ready to ExpandAmerica Is Ready to Expand

• Americans started to believe that they needed to expand– Americans were making more than they were

using– Certain required goods can only be obtained

overseas

• Imperialism – The policy of conquering other countries

to build an empire

Anglo-Saxon “Superiority”Anglo-Saxon “Superiority”

• The idea that Anglo-Saxons were superior was combined with the belief in survival of the fittest

• theory of the survival of the fittest

• Josiah Strong- a Congregational minister preached the superiority of Anglo-Saxons and was a strong supporter of Imperialism

Sea PowerSea Power

• Alfred Thayer Mahan_____– Argued that a strong navy was crucial to be

successful in peacetime and unstoppable in wartime– A navy needed to protect shipping lanes– Strategically located bases for refueling

• The United States needed 4 things– A modern fleet– Naval bases in the Caribbean– A canal across the isthmus of Panama– Hawaii and other islands in the Pacific Ocean

CubaCuba

• The United States has always wanted Cuba

• Jefferson wanted to annex it

• Polk tried to buy it from Spain

• In the 1860’s, Southerners tried to get it admitted as a slave state

IndependenceIndependence

• In 1868, the war of independence broke out– It lasted for ten years– 250,000 people lost their lives– The rebels lost

• Spain agreed to end slavery

• Promised to allow some self-government

• They lied

America’s InvolvementAmerica’s Involvement

• After the slaves were freed in Cuba in 1886, Americans started to invest $ in Cuba– Sugar plantations were set up– It was the basis of the Cuban economy

• America was the main buyer of sugar (90%)– The tariff (tax) was removed and production soared

• After ten years, the American Sugar Refining Company lobby pressured Congress to impose a tariff– The Cuban economy was ruined

Let’s Give Independence One More Let’s Give Independence One More TryTry

• The war started in 1895– It was led by poet/writer Jose Marti

• Rebels used guerilla warfare• They destroyed plantations hoping for American

involvement

• American opinion was split– Some supported Spain and their money– Others supported the freedom of Cubans

The Yellow PressThe Yellow Press

• Support for Cuban independence was growing in America

• Hearst and Pultizer battled for newspaper supremacy– Reporters would mix in false stories of horrible

atrocities with real stories to sell papers– Artist Frederic Remington wrote Hearst from Cuba

telling him war between the US and Spain seemed unlikely

– Hearst replied “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll supply the war.”

The Start of WarThe Start of War

• President McKinley hoped a peaceful end could be met b/n Spain and Cuba

• Cuba refused all peace terms unless they were given complete independence

• Two incidents only a week a part would pull the US into war with Spain

The de Lome LetterThe de Lome Letter

• The Spanish minister to the United States had a private letter stolen from the post office by a Cuban rebel and leaked it to Hearst’s Journal– It called McKinley a weak President who only

sided with popular opinion– This enraged Americans– de Lome soon resigned

Remember The Maine!Remember The Maine!

• The USS Maine was stationed off the coast of Cuba in case Americans became endangered by Cuban riots

• On the evening of February 15, a large explosion rocked the boat killing 260 of the 350 men on board

• Some say it was a mine, or an explosion in the coal bunkers

Remember The Maine!Remember The Maine!

• Hearst offered $50,000 for the capture of the men responsible

• People wanted war, and Hearst egged them on

• Spain gave in to all of the demands made by America, including a 6 month cease fire

• On April 19, Congress agreed to McKinley’s request to use military force to end the fighting in Cuba

Dewey Takes ManilaDewey Takes Manila

• Admiral Dewey took his fleet against the outdated guns of the Spanish fleet and won the battle in early May– The Spanish lost 381 men– The US lost 1 man (An overweight man died of a

heart attack)

• Over the next 2 months 11,000 troops landed in the Philippines and joined forces with rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo

• By August, Spanish troops surrendered to American forces in Manila

Invading CubaInvading Cuba

• The army prepared to invade Cuba– They did not have enough guns– Not enough khaki cloth

• They had to wear heavy wool coats in the summer

• T. Roosevelt formed the Roughriders– A mixture of cowboys, Indians, former sheriffs

from the western territories of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, and polo boys.

Santiago FallsSantiago Falls

• The roughriders and 2 black regiments bravely charge two hills and take them-San Juan (Kettle)

• On July 3, the Spanish fleet makes a run for it, but they are captured or sunk

• The Spanish fleet surrendered to America-Admiral Sampson called it a July 4th present to US

• July 17 - Santiago surrendered• July 26 – US invades Puerto Rico• August 12 – An armistice is declared• December 10 – The US and Spain sign the Treaty of

Paris

The US Annexes The PhilippinesThe US Annexes The Philippines

• The Treaty of Paris of 1898– Cuba becomes independent– The US takes over Puerto

Rico and Guam– The US takes over as ruler of the Philippines– The US pays $20 Million to Spain

• Many people were against this Imperialist agenda– Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Grover Cleveland,

and Benjamin Harrison

Cuba Becomes a ProtectorateCuba Becomes a Protectorate

• Protectorate – A country whose affairs are controlled by a stronger country

• The US opened schools, built roads, railroads, and dock facilities

• Yellow Fever killed 800 people a year in Cuba– Americans helped eradicate the breeding

places of the mosquito that carried the disease from person to person

The Cuban Constitution According The Cuban Constitution According to Americato America

• The Cuban Constitution was drafted in Wash D.C. and presented to the Cuban constitutional assembly for approval

• The provisions became known as the Platt Amendment

The Platt AmendmentThe Platt Amendment

• There were 5 major parts of the Amendment– Cuba could not make any treaties that would limit its

independence– Cuba could not allow any foreign power to control any

part of its land– The US has the right to intervene in Cuba’s internal

affairs to help protect the people– Cuba was not to go into debt– The US could buy or lease land for naval stations or

coal mines

Puerto Rico Becomes a Puerto Rico Becomes a CommonwealthCommonwealth

• The Foraker Act of 1900 provided a governor appointed by the President

• 1917 Puerto Ricans became US citizens

• In 1950 Puerto Rico becomes a commonwealth. Puerto Rico can make its own laws and handle its own finances, while the US takes care of defense and tariffs

HawaiiHawaii

• By 1872 Hawaiians were a minority on their own island due to immigrants who came to work cane fields

• Tariffs between US and Hawaii were removed in 1875 and again in 1887

• The US also took over the coaling station of Pearl Harbor

• King Kalakaua was forced to change the Hawaiian constitution to only allow men who owned land or had “x” amount of money to vote

Hawaii for HawaiiansHawaii for Hawaiians

• Queen Liliuokalani replaced her brother– She promised to remove property qualifications from

the constitution• US minister to Hawaii, John Stevens, led

marines and white business men to overthrow the Hawaiian government

• A provisional government formed the Republic of Hawaii, wrote a constitution, and elected a pineapple grower, Sanford B. Dole, president.

• On August 12, 1898, the Hawaiian Islands became a territory of the United States

Philippine FreedomPhilippine Freedom

• The people of the Philippines felt betrayed by the US

• A war in the Philippines against the US lasted from 1899 – 1901

• After the war, the Jones Act (1916) replaced the appointed commission with an elected senate

• July 4, 1946 – The Philippines becomes an independent republic

China Opens The DoorChina Opens The Door

• Many countries had a sphere of influence in China

• Many imposed extra-territoriality on China• Open Door Policy

– Proposed by John Hay and enacted in March 1900– Countries would not prevent others from doing

business in other countries– Countries would not charge other people higher rates

that their own merchants would pay

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer Rebellion

• The Boxers were a Chinese secret society– They did not like Western influence in China– They attacked and killed many people

• A joint force (US, GB, Fr, Ger, Jap) was sent in and put down the rebellion in two months– Many European nations saw this as a chance to take

over more land– The US set a policy to “preserve the Chinese

territorial and administrative entity.”

Japan and Russia FightJapan and Russia Fight

• Japan had Korea• Russia had Manchuria• Russia wanted Korea• Japan warned Russia to get out of their Sphere• Russia did not• Japan attacked and kicked Russia’s behind• Teddy Roosevelt worked out the Treaty of

Portsmouth which ended the war and won himself the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

• The US would control a canal they built, if they let other countries use it without hassle

• The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty– After a revolution in Colombia, the treaty was

signed that had the US pay $10 Million for the land and $250,000 a year in rent

The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine

• “Walk softly and carry a big stick”• “If the American nation will speak softly and yet

build and keep at a pitch of the highest training a thoroughly efficient navy, the Monroe Doctrine will go far”– Huh?

• The Roosevelt Corollary– If any nation had to intervene in the affairs of a Latin

American country, that nation would be the United States