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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

Multicultural education incorporates the idea that all students

regardless of

their gender and social class, their ethnic racial, and cultural characteristics

should have

an equal opportunity to learn in school (Banks, 1989, pp. 2-3). This new

vision of

education has special precedence in California because of its diverse

population. In 27

California, the sum of all minority students now constitute a majority of

the total

student population (Campbell, 2010, p. 22). California teachers need to

understand the

diverse population that they are serving, and that includes getting to know

the

background of all of their students, which includes Filipinos. Especially since

Filipinos

are invisible and least researched (Cimmarusti, 1996; Cordova, 1983; Nadal,

2009)

teachers need more opportunities to learn about this fragile culture.

Campbell states the need for multicultural education best. US society has

divisions in racial, class, and gender, to mention a few. The educational

system should

acknowledge cultural differences, and especially recognize the knowledge

and languages

of all children. Campbell (2010) summarizes, To do this, teachers should

know about,

respect, and draw strength from diverse cultural traditions present in our

society (p. 40).

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This statement includes Filipinos, so that they are not misperceived and

grouped in with

other Asians or mistakenly included with Hispanics, but acknowledged as

their own

individual cultural and ethnic group.

For while Filipino may be the language of identity, it is the language of the

streets. It might have

the capacity to be the language of learning, but it is not the language of the

learned It is neither

the language of the classroom and the laboratory, nor the language of the

boardroom, the court

room, or the operating room. It is not the language of privilege. I may be

disconnected from my

being Filipino, but with a tongue of privilege I will always have my

connections. So I have my

education to thank for making English my mother language. (James Michael

Soriano)

The language is the soul of the nation. A country may be politically free and

independent, yet if

it does not have a national language of its own that is used by its government

and its people, it is

devoid of a soul, of a spiritual light. We may be declared politically free in the

future, but the

fetters that bind the soul of our nation will not be broken unless we can also

have a national

language in which we can express our thoughts, ideas, and sentiments as a

nation.

- Aruego (1949)

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Language as a communicative system varying among different populations

is commonly

acknowledged to function as an important symbol of group identity, often

stimulating a natural

sense of solidarity among communities sharing a single variety of speech,

and is sometimes

deliberately manipulated to create feelings of belonging to populations larger

than the local or the

regional, and the significant establishment of fully extensive national

identities in independent

states.

- Simpson (2008)

Local Literature

It is intriguing to remember that the foundation of the First Republic, the

Philippines is a country with deep nationalistic feelings but no national

linguistic symbolism (Gonzales, 1980). So the study of national identity was

not focused on problems in language of the country pagsasainstitusyon

affiliate First Republic of determining which language of the Philippines more

than suffice to represent the ego and its culture.

Remember that in 1934-1935 Constitutional conventions only had official.

Identifying the desire to have the national language loob stand as a symbol

of the Filipinos. At the same time it 'cooking' the proposed provisions for

Having national language. Even so, it would be considered breakthrough

legislature of the Philippines as spoken by Gonzalez (1980):

From the arguments presented, we judged present if true spoken of

former Director of the SWP, Jose Villa Panganiban as' our national language [P

/ Filipino]

until now looking more like its own country (in Gonzalez, 1980).

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