CHAPTER 111

111. -Jhgas o f t h e ~ u k h a s a i d h a

We, i n t h e preceedinq cha?ter , hqve lnentinn-4 t h a t

t h e ~ u k h a - s a h i has twelve &. They a r e ;

1. Upaksepa -- 2 . Pa r ika ra

3 . Zarinygsa

4 . Vilobhana

5. Y%i

6 . : ' 6 n t i

7 . SamEdh-na

3. , VidhEna

9, 2aribhGvan6

10. Udbheda

11 . i ( a~a?a

12. %a

Ye h?ve a l s o d i s c u s s ~ d about i t s d e f i n i t ~ o ? i t s

exoansion, i t s l o c a t i o n and t h e s p ? l i c a t i o q by t h e

commentators i n some d e t a i l . Now we qav 6lscuss here

t h e aligas of t he ~Yiukha-sa6dh: b.. q i w ~ ? i n r from t h e

UDakse~a one by one. -.-

The tern ' U o a k s c ~ a ' l i t ? r ; l l l y means ' t%rowln?

'upa samfpe kseua' . As a ma t t e r of f a c t , i t - - -- i s t h e p re sen ta t ion of t h e ' g e m ' o r t h e r eve l a t ion of

t h e seed. I t makes t h e f i r s t i n t roduc t ion of t he he ro ' s

d e s i r e . Before d l scuss inp i t s imp l i ca t ion and a o n l l c a t i o n s ,

i t s d e f i n i t i o n s , a s given 7y t h e r h e t o r i c i a n s , mav S e

D e f i n i t i o n s

1. Kgvyhrthasya samutpa t t i r u?nkseua it1 s=h,

(NS. X I X . 69. a. 3 8 )

2. Brjanydsa Uoakse?ah, (Dl,. I . 27. D . 14) -.-a

3. Bfjanygsa U?aksepah, (Wd, I . 43. n . 60) -. 4 . BijanyBsa Upakse~ah, (3P. V I I . 186. a . 302 I -.-. 5. Bi janyssa Upaksepah ( ? J . 9 . o. 130)

-.-a

6. Upaksen3stu b i j , s ' , - -bc-lnT k s t h y a t e b _ u d h ~ ,

( r d , I I J , -52, D . 130).

7. Kavyarthasya s a m u t ~ a t t i r UpakseDn 1ti smrtah

(52. V I . 83. o. 414.)

Analvsis

From t he se d e f i n i t i o n s i t i s c l e a r t h a t a l l t he

t e x t book writ::rs on dramaturqv a r e a t ;ne w!th t i - + v i - , h

t h a t U~akseoa i s t h e mentlon of t he seed i> r ,~anyasa i . -.- A s r l q h t l y observed by r'rof. idainksr, th? ,'nly mention

o f t h e m a ,naV n o t be neces sa ry f o r unaxsena, bu t t h e - . -- ve ry c i r c u m s t n n c r s , ~ i c h has s t a r t e d t h e ac t lo r , , -11se

may be t a k e - t g nean it.' Fur the r i t i s no t s s e c i 3 l l y

a e n t i o n e d a s t o who should r evea l o r mention t h e a c t i o n .

Thus it may be t h e h e r o o r t h e h e r o i n e o r t h e m i n i s t e r

o r t h e v i l l a i n o r hy some minor c h 7 r a c t e r o r even by

daive. ' T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n may be v e r i f i e d Erom t h e

i l l u s t r a t i o n from v a r i o u s dramas. I t may be m ~ n t l o n e d

h e r e t h a t t h e Uh and t h e i4U t a k e exanp le s from V wh i l e

t h e S U g i v e s examnle from J3. 2h- k5 always q i v e s

examples o f a l l JarhdhyaA,yas from a8larKmZynna.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and A??l ica t ion

1 . (Fa-: asa&ayam k a l t r s o ; r i g rahiksarnz 2 t c . ;, -. - a t r a g - .kun t - . l~$a ta sva ! u s y a n t a % h i l 8 s ~ p u b ~ j a s y a

d . vinydsad upakse70 niim? ' u k b a s a i d h e ~ ?rath?mbAea-i, - -.- - ukta: c a '!bTJanyhsa u?ak?eoah u. ( K V 0.1 5ak.1

20. 17. 4 )

2 . (w: e t c . ) ' j a m s y.3sys ' i tyidinh' tH.h draksyarni ' - -'? i t y a n t e n a nukhnsa,hdher u ~ a k s s p a i t i ?rath*m?/

a&am u 3 a k s i p t a & . (39 0.1 Zak. I . 13.?3.1) - -.-- z . (ValkhEnssa: inSnf , i ' ~ 3 duhltararn e t c . ) --

e t e n s d 6 g evZsyZ duradrstalh g ~ n t a r h - - b i l a v i s y a r t f t l h g n t a ? s u c i t a i t i o i j a s I i c sksv~kyan

e t a t . ii\b:linsvorGjr l a k s n i on :a,<. T . 1 3 . Y r . 1 4 ) -

4 . =: asyc sareavidhou e t c . ; r.anohsrarn i j a i -- *an i tyanena dyotarnZnasya rcj ibh i l s sa sya --

P bf j a sya vinyhshd upakse9a n B a saidhyangsm

,w--,-- ukt& bhava t i . (w on Vlkrama I. 0. 10.7).

5. (Ra'J?: api kascid uphyadars/ane vyfiprtalfi t e e t c . )

a t r a .gamyamhasya plhlavikZnipasya P r j a sya - vinygszd upaksepa nfin? sddhyari2aa kk&

bhava t i . (KV. on Mhla. I. 8.12.9).

I n i a k . , KV and i b h i . i ak Earcii l e c s t e t7is & ----- i n t h e s i t u a t i o n where t h ? king f 2 e l s T a t nati inn; can

s t and a g a i n s t h i s d e s i r e t o marry s ince h i s noble mind

t , i n k s , ST, witnout knowing whether 'Sakuntalg i s - marrageable o r not. ' Y5, however, t r a c e s t h i s i n a

d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n where 'Jaikhgnasa b lessed tile k in3 and

knowing that Aanva i s absent , t h e !<lng expresses h i s d e s i r e

t o s e e he r . A rnoriern co,i~:nerltator =.P. J a s t r i l o c a t e s t h i s

i n t h e speech of t he Vaikh$nas, namely, ' e n eva duhitarnm . . . I , where some Pdture c3urse of a c t i o n f o r , Sa!un ta l a i s 3 in t ed a t .

I n Vikrama, l n t h e i v ~ r r s s i o n of t he kin3 n a r r a t i n g

t h e beauty of Urvasi , t h e a \ ~ a 1s trac?:i by K V . I n t h e

same s i t u s t l ~ n rlr. Kale a l s o t r a c e s t ' ? i s a iga . 4 -

I n Mala K V l o z a t e s t h i s 'ariEa' where t h e king - a s k s t h e Vidiisaks t o make some ~ l a n by which he can

s e e Xalavika . .%r.5rthadf~ikZ a l s o t r a c e s t h i s atie,a

h e r e i n t h e speech o f t h e kine.5

111.2. Pa r lka ra :

a r i k a r a i s t h e second &a of t ' le iflukha Sani lh~

which means t h e ampl i f i ca t ion of t h e 'm by means of

some stat.,ment o r s i t u a t i o n a s may be understood f ron

Sha ra t a . The same pa r ika ra i s termed a s parikr1yC by

t h e Dti , KD, B? and t h e HS, without, o f course , any

change i n meaning. where a s l a t e r c r i t i c s have used t h e I

term p a r i k p r a fo l lowing Bharata. K V , A S 11-sak-carc?,

W , DhR, VR, N.K.K. S a s t r i , S.2. Y a s t r i , K s l ~ , S.N.

S a s t r i , 1t.S. P ? c ? i t , e t c . , f 3 r example have D q r i k ~ r a . . . Whether it i s ' pa r ika ra ' o r ' p a r i k r i y c , t h e

t e c h n i n i c a l sense a s der ived by t h e t e x t b3ok w r i t e s i s

same. Judging it from t h e pornt o f view of i t s l i t e r a l

sens- : 'parikr1yH1 nrans : s u r r o l ~ n i ing , sten-iing t o and

' p a r i k a r a ' a t t e n d a n t s , One &o o r wh.tt l ~ e l ~ s o r 3 s s i s t s .

One l i k e l y explanat ion , i f 32c t r i s s t o have, o f

cou r se , from these l i t e r a l meanings, i s t o view i t a s

t o denote an a t t end ing circumstances whlc.1 has some

Def in i t ions

1 , yad utpanngrthaba?lulya& jseyah parikaras & sah - -. (NS. XIX. 70, p. 39)

2. Tad b h u l y a h p a r i k r i y z (DR. I . 27. 7. 14) - -- 3. Snalpavya'sa! p a r i k r i y g (;ma I . 43. 3 . 6 0 )

4. ~ a d b E ~ u l y a i par ik r iyz . (3P. VII. 185. ,I. 302)

5. Bfjasya bahukaranai par ikara. (PA. 9 . p. 130)

6. ~ a r i k r i y a ' t u b f jasya bahulikaranai matai. .---- (td 111. 33. p. 131)

7 . ~ a m u t ~ a n n ~ r t h a b & u l y a ~ jKeyah parikarah ~h - -.

(SD. V I . 83. g . 415).

8. Samutpame' r t h e yad a r t h a b a u l y a i psrtkara;?.

( ? L a . 9. 57)

Analvsis :

A s a l ready obslrved, there i s no di'ference of

opinion on t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f the parikara ( o r par ik r iyg)

a s given, i n essence, though there i s minor d i f f e r e n c e

i n t h e empression and i n defining i t , t h e l a t e r w r i t e r s

have followed 3harata . I t msy be noted here t h a t t h e D d

t a k e s t h e example o f this_aliga from RV while t h e YE, SD

and t h e NLK give e x a ~ ~ l e from V5.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s an6 app l i ca t ion

1. (a: . . . t a t t e n v e s z n nadhukara e t c . ) t*

k r t r k*Crthah khalu t a t ? tat tvEnavesEd vayarh hatC

iti bi3asya bahu l rka ran i t pa r ika ra nSma saidhyahgam - u ~ . 'Tad_ba?ulyai pa r ik r iyz *. (hV on ~ak .1 .21 . l . 4 )

2. (%a: S/~ntanidamgs/ramnpadaa e t c . ) anayzryayh --

p a r i k a r a dvltfyam -. arigan upaksiptan. (RE on f ak

I. i s . 25. e ) .

3. (a: i c l & k i l H v y i , ~ a manoharan e t c . ) a t r a ca -- S/akuntalgYg& gj*; pr&,utpannariur%&a~ya

b ~ ? u l ~ a ? r a k ~ < a n , i t ?aa, i ksro ngna -rcukhasat;!dd.vafigan . (Kishorekel i on 6ak. I. 12. 34. 5 1

4 . (m: . . . yadayai r a t h a s a i k s ~ d e t c . a 2

saromavikri y+ s p r f t a ityanenrj b f j a sya zahul i karangt

pa r ika ro nzma saidhyan u k t a i bhava t i . ( P J on Vikrama, I -- -- 11.12.6.)

5. (=a: . . . idgnirh dur=tdhigamya e t c . ir&im i t y z d i n a

' s a h ~ y j r a v Z n ~ ~ ' i t y a n t e n a tasya b r j a sya bahu l f i a r anEt

p a r i k a r a Ei sanidqyarigarn uktail bhovst i . IKV on i ' laa ,

I . 9.13.6)

I n 431: :KV l o c a t . s t h i s fi i n the s i t u a t i o n shr r r

t h e honzy-bee d i s t u r o s sak;nt?l-? by si" n Qn h:: f ace .

The k i n g s e e s t h i s and f e e l s t h a t t h e bee i s ve ry /

f o r t u n a t e . Abhi-Sak-Carcg a l s o l o c a t e s t h i s i n t h e

same S i t u a t i o n . 6

G g h a v a b h a t t a and Nava Kishora Kar s a s t r i l o c a t e

t h i s _sakdhy&a i n two o t h e r s e p a r a t e occas ions . RB

l o c a t e s t h i s samdhyaliga i n t h e s ~ e e c h e s o f t h e k ing ,

namely, &nta,a idam ggrarna-pP.darh. e x . , who was corning I

f o r t h e f i r s t t ime t o s e e Sakunta lg , f e e l s t h robb in6 on

h i s arm a t t h e e n t r a n c e , m i c , i n d i c a t e s t h e acconp l i s1~-

ment o f t h e d e s i r e d o b j e c t . The k ing wonders a t t h e

t h robb ing an? s a y s where he s h a l l g e t i t s f r u i t i o n .

Obviously , h e r e i s t h e f u r t h e r expansion o f t h e 9, s e , L

t h e d e s i r e t o s - e s a k u n t a l d , a s no t i ced e a r l i e r . NK - S a s t r i t r a c e s t h i s samdh~aliga i n t h e spc3;ches o f t h e

k i n g , namely, =m k i l l v y h g p . . e t c . C.P. S a s t r i

l o c a t e s t h i s , i n t h e same 's i tua t ion a s pointed o u t by

R.s.?

I n Vikrana. KV. l o c a t e s t h i s saidhyati3a i n t h e

speech o f t h e k ine Pumravas where t h e kin^ en joys t h e --- company o f Urvas i , whi le coming with h e r , a f t e r k i l l i n g

t h e demon. <id.. Kale a l s o r eco rds t h i s ~ a i d h y a r i g a

i n t h e same s i t u a t i o n . 8

I n Hala , a g n i , i n t h e speeches o f t h e k ing

Agnimi t ra , K'J l o c a t e s t h i s jafidhyaAga, s i n c e t h e r e i s

t h e development Of t h e aija i n t h e f o r n o f h i s d e s i r e

t o s e e &'lavlkb d i r p c t l y whom he saw i n 3 p i c t u r e where

from h i s d e s i r e f o r h e r s t a r t e d e a r l i e r .

%ma :Zraka P a n f i t a l s o n o t i c e s t h i s saridhyariga

i n t h e same s i t u a t i o n on s m i l a r ground.9

' t'arinydsa' li tera:lv Teans t n e est~blis:~me-.t . I n

i t s t e c h n i c a l s e n s e s l s o , it 1 s t ? e comolcte p l a ~ t a t i o n

o f ' the , s' . The 'Q' which 1 - sow? i q ' u ~ a k s e p n '

and s p r o u t e d i n t h e p a r i k a r a i s f u l l y e s t a b l i s h e d h e r e .

Accgrding t o 3 h a r a t a t i l e ?a r inyasa i s t h e c o m ~ l e t e

o l a n t a t i o n o f t h e '=aq. A 1 1 t h e l q t e r r h ? t o r i c i a n s

have fol lowed 3 h s r a t 1 i ? def in inc , lt. It .qav be no ted

t h a t t h e ' p a r i n y 7 s a 1 a l o n - w i t ! t " ~ e 'u?7ksepaq snd -- . .--- p s r i k a r a f n n s a Uni t . Fur ther t':t?-e t h r e - . 'ari?,at:' 2 : -- - Mukhasaidi i s ~ i o u l t ? come o r occur I n t h e o r d e r o f cnune-

r a t i o n . The ',ID j u s t i f i e s i t s t h l r d a l a c a on t h e b a s i s

t h a t s i n c e it i s tl?e c ? n ~ l e t l ~ n o f ' m a q i t s l ~ o u l d

o c c u r a f t e r t h ? b e g ~ n n ~ n ? , o f t n e d c t l o n ( u s a k s z a and

t h e a t t e n d i n k c i r c ~ ~ n s t a n c e s . 'Th? 5; s l s o 3 l b s c r i o e s tij

t h e same v i lw.

log

Def in i t i ons

1 . Tan k s p s t t i h pa r iny i so v i j z e y a l kavibhih &. (N$ . XIX. 70. D. 59)

2. Tannigpat t ib parinyEso. (DR. I . 27. p. 15) :

3. vini&ayah pa r iny i sae . (iYD. I . 43. p . 61)

4 . T=?patti$ ~ a r l n y g s * . (a?. VII. 186. p. 332)

5. B T j a n i ~ p a t t i h parinyzsa;. (PR. 9. 3. 130)

b . ~ Z j a n i ? ~ a t t i k a t h a n a i parinydsa i t f rya t e - .

(a. 111. '3. p. 131

Analysis:

de have a l ready mentloncd t h a t a21 t he r h l t o r i c i a n s

a r e a t one with a h a r a t a ' s not io? of t ? e parinydsa t h a t

i t i s t h e complete p l an t a t ion of t h e '%a'. I t nay

be worth mentioning t h a t t he GiiS eon. records a V.L.

i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e parinydsa. I t reads: tan n i s p a t t y a t u kathanai parlnyhsah ~ r a k i r t i t a h . Tqis seems

t o be wrow. On t h i s prof . T.G. ..lainkar Cornnects: The

V.L. ldis?sttyh i n th.- r d ~ t i o n s is very unsa t i s f ac to ry .

X&havabha;ta's reading ' ? i$pa t t e+ ' a?gears t o be b e t t e r . 10

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and a m l i c a t i o n :

2. ( g a k u n t a l a : & khalvimam e t c . - 7-

---- a- nbyakayo$paraspSnutSganispattikathaGt

pariny<so'Aga:A. (Abhi. : a k - ~ a r c ~ . :I. 56,. 1 . 10)

s a & a y a i , k ~ a t r a p a r i g r a h a k s ~ a r n h e t c . i

anens p a r i n y g s a i tyaAga6 upaks&pt&. (2 3. on zak.

I . 19.33.9).

4 . ,(-: P r i y & g c a r i l a r i e t c . ) -a b f j a s y a

d r d h r i k a r a n l t p a r i n y H s a Ei , s a i d h y e i e , a ~

S i K V a n Vikrarna. 1. 16.15.1 1.

5. (Vidcsaka: P h a l e i a o y a c i r e n a d r a k s v s s i ,' a*

b i j a s y a d r f h r f k a r a n H t parinyRso nSma sa+dhyarigai -- ..

( K ' J om?. ? . 9.13.9)

I n 6ak. A'! l o c a t e s t!lis k : h y a i e a I n t he s i t u a t l o r i

where t h e r e i s a c l e a r and c o n p l e t e a f r i m a t i o n o f t h e I

S f j a i n t h e s h i o e o f t ' l e d e s i ~ e f o r 5:ll:untnll I n t h e \. , q u i r i a s o f t h e k ing . Abhi-Aak-Csrca, on t h e o therh-34 ,

l o c a t e s t h i s aiig, i n a s i t u a t i o n where t h e r e i s t h e s t s t e -

n e n t r e l ~ t l n q t o t h e c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e mutual l o v e fox

t h e h e r o and r h e h + r o l n e . I t mav 3e no t93 a g a l n t h a t 13,

d . X . K . S a s t r i and G.?. S a s t r i l o c a t e t h i s a?Jga i n a d i f f e r e n t I

s i t u a t i o n f r o m t h a t o f KV and hbhi-Sak-Carcb, where t h e I

k i n g draws t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t h e can marry Sakunta lg , on /

t h e b a s i s t h a t t h e Kin: 's d e s i r e f o r SakuntalC i s

comple te ly confirmed i n h i s speech."

I t would n o t be o u t o f c o n t e x t t o not., t h e comment

o f F.3 i n c o m e c t i o n o f t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e pa r inyasa -

s a i d h y a i g a . He co?Tents t h a t t h e A s , namely, 'upaksepa ' , -- ' ~ e r i k a r a ' ' p a r i n y 5 s a t 'Vilobhana ' a r e enumerated i n t h i s

o r $ e r i n t h e li?,t, b u t a t thn t ime of locatln:, t h e ' j l l o b h a n a ' ,

i t ,is l o c a t e d b e f o r e t h e 'Pa r inydsa ' an1 t h u s t h e o r d e r o f

t h e SaidhyaAga i s n o t maintained, w ? i r r : i s no t a f a u 1 t . l 2

I n Vikrama KV l o c a t e s t n i s iai3hya;ga i n t h e speeches

o f t h e king h r u r a v a s , namely, 'Priynm gcar i t am ' eT-c.

where in t h e &a o f t h e drama i . e . h i s d e s i r e f o r J r v a s i , //'"

i s c l e a r l y n o t i c e d . Kale a l s o l o c a t e s t h i s Saridhyariea i n

t h e s i n ~ l a r s i t u a t i o n on s i x i l a r ground. '7

I n MCla, a g a i n , K i l o c ? t ? s :his Sa6dhy3tigs i n t h e -- soeoch o f t h e iiiddgaka, nanely, ph3lam ? l i e t c . I n t h i s

speech of t h e i r iddsaka, t h e b i j a , nqnc ly , ' t h - d e s i r e o f

t h e kin.; f o r ,:El,,vikg, whlc'? !$,as di'velov d f u r t h e r i?

? a r i k a r a , i s now c o n f i r q e d . - ~

I t may be noted he re ÿ hat GmagLraka r'al?$it a l s g

t r a c e s t h i s parhdhya;ga i n the same s i t u a t i o n a s noted

by XV on s i m i l a r ground.14

11. 4 . Vilobhana

Vilobhana means a l lurement and t e c h n i c a l l y it i s t he

mentionin: o f goo ' q u a l i t i e s when i n a play some gooc!

q u a l i t i e s a r e exhibi:ed through express ion o r n a r r a t i o n

o f a c h a r a c t e r t h e r e i s a case of l o c a t i n ? t h i s a i g a . .-

1 . Sunanirvarqanai =a Viloohanai b n r l t a i /

( N 3 , XIX, 71. p. 39)

2 . 2unHkhyZngd v i l o b h - n a i (Dn. I . 27. o. 15)

3. Vllobh3n?1i itl~ter,Zti7.;?i (ND. :. 0.b4:

ti. ,\jZyaklidlgu?3nGi _ _ yaa v ? r n ? n ? i _I__ t a d _ vi lobhanai

, ,G. 111. 3Ll. 71. 131

7. (&n&khyZna6 vilobhanam (SI,. V I . 84. p . 416.)

8. tiunanirvarqanam y a t t u vilobhanarh iti s m r r t a i

J N L H . 74. p . 59).

Analvsis

I t may be seen f r o a t h e d e f i n i t i o n s cuoted t h a t t he

descr ip t ion of good q u a l i t i e s i s Vilobhana. I t i s not /

s p e c i f i c a t l e a s t i n t h e case of the liS, DR, idD, BP and

the iSLk a s t o , the descr ip t ion of whose qual i ty i s t o be

taken a s vilobhana. However, t h e SL, makes a note on t h i s

po in t t h a t t h e descr in t ion of any qua l i ty does not form a

base f o r the l o c a t i o n of t h i s ali$a. A s a matter of f a c t ,

t h e descr ip t ion of t h e q u a l i t i e s (mostly of t h e hero o r

t n e heroine) which helps the development of the p l o t and

has some bearing on t h e main ac t ion , i s the case of

l o c a t i n g t h i s samdhydga. Usually i n a drama t h e

c h a r a c t e r s have some fascinat ion towards the attainment

of t h e goal , which leads t o the p r a i s e o r descr ip t ion of

t h e personal q u a l i t i e s o f the characters . But t h e point

t o be noted h:re i s t h a t t h i s descr ip t ion should be

d i r e c t l y o r s i g n i f i c a n t l y connected with the bZja.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and a n ~ l i c a t i o n

1 . (%a: . . . m~nusi'?u kath& vg sygd asya nipasya

saibhavai? e t c . ) a t r a - v i l o b h a n a i &a sarndhyarigai

uktam gunZkhyZniid. . (KV on 6ak. I . 2 7 . 24. 2) -- -.- --

3. !=a: . . . it&~ kil6vyZ;iananoharam v + x s e t c . )

Katham i y a i ityadyetadantena vllobhana6 _n%nmnga+ PA.

uoaksiptaa. (P.3 on ;air. I . 15.32.11) -. I

3 . (WE: . .. & mano me ~ r a s a b h a i s a r i r g t ...

s c t r a i mrnalzd i v a r g j a h a i s i ) ~t-r_a au~ZkhyHnhd v G - -A__--

bhanam... ( K a l p a l a t h on Vikrama. I . 20.37.18).

gu?avattvasya_gamyamZnatvit e t c . (KV on Mala.I.19.22.2) - I n i a k , KV, ~bhi-iak- arc^, [<XI(. 2 a s t r i and C.?.

> a s t r i p r o u e r l y l o c a t e t h i s vi lobhana-sa&ihyaiga i n

t h e speech of t h e king.15 RBIs l o c a t i o n i n a d i f f e r e n t

s i t u a t i o n i s a l s o p r o p e r .

, I n Vikrama S.:g. 3 a s t r i l o c a t e s t h i s sa&hyanga

ir. t h e s ~ e e c h of t h e kine where t h e k ing a p p r e c i a t e s I

t h e beauty o f Urvasi .

Sal6dhynjga i n t h e situation where t h e r e i s t 3 e exqosure

o f t h e q u a l i t i e s of t h e he ro ine i n t h e p resence o f

t h e kin&.16

The term Yukti means l o g i c o r reason ing . The t e x t -

book w r i t e r s on d r m a t u r g y l i k e Bharata and o t h e r s

have used t h i s ahga i n a r e l a t e d s e n s e o f t h i s , implying

~ k a a s a c a r e f u l survey of t h e s i t u a t i o n o r i n c i d e n t s .

T h i s s e n s e o f Surveying f a c t s o r s i t u a t i o n s i s evi r ient

f r o ? t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n s g iven by t h e r h e t o r i c i a n s , though

t h e d e f i n i t i o n s do n o t g ive t h i s d i r e c t s ense .

D e f i n i t i o n s - .

1 . S a i ~ r a d h a r a n a i ar thgnKi y u k t i r i t y a b h i d h i y a t e .

(.d. X I X . 71. a. 49)

2. Sai .nradhar3nai a r t h g n s yukt ih (DR. 1.25. p. 1 5 )

3. Y S h lcrrtyavicCranZ. (ND. 1.45. p . 66) .

4 . Sampradhgranai a r t h g n g i Tiuktlr i t y a b h i d h i y a t e .

(BP. VII. 186. P. 103)

5 . ~ ~ j ~ n u k i i l a s a i g h a t a n a ~ r a y o j a n a v i c a r o yuktih

(PH. 10. P. 130)

6 . Samyak preyojanCn~m h i n l n a y o y u k t i r i f y e t e .

( E S . 111 T 4 . p. 1 3 1 . )

All t h e l a t e r t e x t book w r i t t e r s have followed

J h a r a t a i n d e f i n i n g *. The DR g i v e s t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n

from RV whereas t h e RS anll 3 D quote f r o a t h e _3_clrSmHyana

and venfsaih5I-a r e s p e c t i v e l y .

I _ l l u s t r a t i o n s and a l o l i c a t i o n

1 . (m: . . . bhava hrdaya s E b h i l h s a i s a i h r a t i

s a n d e h a n i r n x o j a t a h

d a i k a s e yad agnim tad i d a i sparLaksarnai *m)

a t r a y u k t i r - n i a -- saidhyaigam - uktad

'SQ s d i a y i t i r t h a s y a n i q a y a b p a r l k f t a Q t 3~ (KV on i a k . I. 25.25.14)

2 . (Vidiisaka: :rutam bry&bhy% bhagavatyg /A,

vacd %_sa p i n d i t g r t h a upsbegadarLaninnirnaya

i ti ) a t r a i%lavik~dars/anasa;dehani rnaya t -- (KV. on Mala. I . 16. 17. 9)

I n i a k . K V , id and G J . s a s t r i 1 ~ ) c a t e t h i s & i n

t h e s i t u a t i o n where t h e k ing proceeds t o c o l l e c t

i n f o r m a t i o n s about S / a k u n t a l ~ . ' ~ The o o i n t worth mentioning

h e r e l a t h a t KV's l o c a t i o n i s based on a d i f f e r e n t

ground which is n o t a t t e s t e d by any a u t h o r i t y .

I n lilgla KV l o c a t e s t h i s ahga i n t h e o b s e r v a t i o ~ o f

t h e Vidcsaka t h a t l e a d s t o t h e jud5ernent, t h a t o f s e e i n q

Nalav ika , on t h e same ground. I t may be note6 t h a t

h rgr thad ipJJ@ a l s o l o c a t e s t h i s ~ar i idh~ar iga i n t h e

same s i t z a t i o n . 18

P r i p t i means attainment o r aporoach i . e . t h e

r e a l i s a t i o n o f p l e a s u r e . A l l t h e t e x t book w r i t e r s have

used t h i s i n t h e s e n s e o f t h e aoproach of a p l e a s u r a b l e

c i r cums tance o r s i t u a t i o n . The DU, !uD and t h e SD g i v e

i l l u s t r a t i o n s f r o s V 5 where a s US q u o t z s from XV a l s o .

I n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e d i s t i n c t i o n o f p 6 3 t l from

Vidhiina, t h e ND remarks t h a t rap ti i s a f t e r some s e a r c h -.

where a s Vidhina i s s-nnta?eous.

O e f i n i t i o n s

.1 . S u k h l r t h a s y 7 ~ h i g a m a n a i p r d , t i r i t y 3 ~ ~ i s a ~ j ~ 1 t r i . -- , (NY. X I X . 72. 3 . 39) .

2 . i'rii?ti! sukhbgamah (DK. I . 28. 3 . 1 5 )

3. Zl'Spanarh sukhasa rb rho t i$ , (IUU. I . 45. D . 55)

4 . Z r Z ~ t i ; Ko'oi sukhHgamah ?. V11. 186. D 3 0 3 )

-- A

5. 3 f ~ a s u k h g ~ a s a Q o r z p t i h \?%. 10. I . 130)

6. ?rZ3Ka!p sukhasya s a i ? r a o t i h ? r f o t i r i t y a b h i d h i y a t e 4"

t . 6 , 111. 35. 3 . 132)

7 . P c i o S h sukhggamah (Sir. VI. 8 4 . 3. 417)

8. "lukhy5rtnasya ysd u p - g ~ m a n a i SZ p rZ? t ig

(NLH. a. 601

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and A ~ p l i c a t i o n

1 . (*a: . . . vzcarh na migrayat i e t c .

/;itKnukmyena 6 ~ i i o h s n m a ~ t - Z ~ t e ! ~ r s p t i r

*a sddhyahgam u s m ( K V on Sak. I . 28. 24.15.)

2. ( R a a Shava h p a y a saahilhsam e t c . ) i y n t

<;ant& munisarbkalpas/ravanana sukha36tyK

sukhEgama6pL p r g p t i r angai ( A b h i t S a k - C d . p .b9.1

7 . (_wi.. y a m t a t tvznveszn madhukara

hntgstvam khalu krtl?n. ) - - - . yadyapi ' h a t s ' i tyuktam ta thZpyabhi lSsac5tuka- -- ~r-a-natvena tatsukhagamasya bhivgt . -

pm-ptir ityangam u ~ a k s i o t a i , X o Dhanikenoktam- - - -.- 'S_&fStparaiparyena 5 vidheysni E. T a l l ~ k s a n l n a t u - 'sukh&thssyop?,qamana6 P r i i u t i r ---.- i t yabh idh rya t e ' _is. iiiB on Sak. I . 20 .35 .33 ) .

bF dhairy;ivalambinam a21 t v a r a p t i m3 e t c .

a t r a i v a sukhggamasya gamyamanatv&t ? r S p t i r +_a

s a i d h y ~ t i g 3 u&t&~ b'navati. (nv on 1.1Bla I . 22.23.13)

I n i a k . KV and iiB l o c a t e t h i s saGdhyafiga i n t . ~ e

speech o f t h e k ing w'io n o t i c . , s fro^ t h e behaviour o f

i a k u n t a l d t h n t shc might be i n l o v e witn t h e King and

f e e l s h a n ~ v . ' ~ I t may be o b ~ e r v e d t h a t ~ b h i - g - : -csrca

an4 Z!KK j a s t r i l o c a t e t q i s Sa6dhy%&$i i n t h e sueech of

t h e k i n s , when he l e a r n s from ?riyaivacl? t h a t the Sage

Kanva would g ive ;akuntsl?i i n marr iage t o a s u i t a b l e

aerson." a. f u r t h e r l o c a t e s t h i s i n a c a s e where t h e

k ing t h i n k s t h a t t h e bee whlc'n hove r s ove r t h e f a c t o f

g a k u n t a l ~ i i s f o r t u n a t e enough, which o t h e r s , i n c l u d i n q

h i m s e l f a r e very un fo r tuna te .

I n Vikrama KV f i n d s t h i s saidhyaAga - i n t h e saeech

of t h e k ing , where t h e k ing Puru ravas , addres s ing t h e

c h e e p e r , which has d i s tu rb?d i rnragr ' s r o i n g f o r a

moment, f e e l s haony. d a l e a l s , l o c a t e s t 5 i s i n t h e

same s i t u a t i o n on s i m i l a r ground. 2 1

S . I \ . J a s t r i l o c a t e s t h i s i n a s i t u a t i o n , whew

t h e seed of l o v e f o r each o t h e r ( i .e. t h e kin3 and

~ r v a s / i ) i s thrown.

y-/

I n Mala K V f i n d s a s u i t a b l e s i t u a t i o n f o r t h i s

priipti-samdhyariga i n t h e sgeech o f t h e k in? , where t h e

k ing f e e l s very hapuy l ls tenln: : t o t h e sound o f t h e music

o f t h e t a b o r , coming from t h e demonstrat ion h s l l . R.:

Zand i t a l s o l o c a t e s t h i s i n t h e same s i t u a t i o n on s i m i l a r

ground. 22

Sam-;ah& neans ' r ecur rence of t h e B i j a ' which e a r l i e r

was only h in ted a t . A l l t h e rhetoricians a r e a t one witn

t h i s p o i n t . Th i s &a i s t o be l o c e t z d t h e r e where t h e

3 f j 3 , which was i n d i c a t e d before , i s d e v e l o p 4 bv r e l a t -

i n g i t t o t h e he ro . I t may be noted here t h a t t h e D l .

and ND g i v e examples from V5.

D e f i n i t i o n s

1 . Bf.jarthasyona~3manl.i samidhgnai - I'i - s- l r ta j i , - . (N<. XIX. 72 . P. 391

2 . Sijagamah sarngdhSna6. (DR. 1. 28. p. 16) -_-. - - 3 . P u n a r n y h s a ~ a ~ r n F h i t i ~ , ( ~ ~ U . I . 43. 3. 61.)

4 . dZjaLgarn+ s-amZdhanat, (BP, V I . 136. i. '103. I

5. 3 ~ ~ a s a ! i n i d h Z n a i . (PR. l o . ,. 130)

6. B i j a s y a punar adhana i SamHdhgnai i h o c y a t e

(nS. 111. 35. 7. 132) .

y a t t u t a t aamsdhinani ucyate .

(Sh. VI. 85 . p . 418)

8. i3ZjErthasyopagamanai y a t t a t sarnEdhZna6. k t 5 R . p . 61)

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and a n p l i c a t i o n

OI 1. (-b>: . . . mandoutsuknvo'sni nsgargamanai e i e t c . )

k 6 - g a k u n t a l & ? f v a d a r 6 a n e n a atmashl1Zsasya

u t t h i t a t v g d a n e n a vgkyena a b h i l a s ~ r i i p a s y a b i j a s y a

c u n a r a v a r t a n a t 5amhdh&na+-n&a sanidhya;&a.n uktam. .-

(KV on i a k . I . 30.32.2)

2 . (RHJ~: . .. -Viicani na ._mikray?ti e t c . ) & t r a . ~ i j a s y ~ g m ~ -

GrttL& - u ; ~ d ~ n ~ $ >amg$.hSna,~ .Idam p~ganii.

(AbhF. Sak. Carc6. D . 7 3 . 1 .1 )

3. jw. . . . -a LFXa q&illE:.a& e t c . )

n & & l t s u ~ ~ a i dhavani t a i . anena 5amZdhCnan6makarn - aiiga% upaksiptam. - (Xi3 on ;ak. I . ?$.45.2:)

0-

4 . ( i a k u n t a l b : - yaA !?-manah ,rabhsv??*i )

t a t h a hi - y-dy-ha; ~ i t u r adh ing n ~ ' . ~ ' l i f a ~ i ~ ~ a & . . . - a t r a r ~ g y l k a ? j a k a n t a t g 9 a n u r A g ~ t m a k a h i ~ o r i a y ~ -. - ,sarnbdhEna& *a nukha-sa&cihya!iga.n .

/

(K i sho rake l l on Sak. I . 32.72.13)

5 . <=a: <~rvakim~rzonmukhat ; l ) aho nu k h a l u e t c . j / - m a m 6 n o n m u E ; , ah0 nu kha lu d u r l a b h L S h i n l v e s ~

?!adana . -- i t y o t r a 3i jasyCnusaidhZnZt Samddhanai,&a

sa6dhyaAgam .ukta& _bhavati,. ( l i V 3.1 Vikrama. I . 17.16.5).

airyZvalambinam api e t c . ) a t r a

punnr C v a r t a n h t SarndrlhZnai &a - saidhyarigarn u k t a i b h a v a t l . (KV. on Mala. I .22.23.1;7)

I n Sak KV l o c a t e s th i sSdhya&a-a t t h e end o f t h e

f i r s t a c t where t h e k i n n e x o r e s s e s h i s d i s i n t e r e s t e d n e s s I

t o p a r t with S a k u n t a l a . Abhi-Sak-Carcd l o c a t e s t h i s i n

t h e speech o f t h e k i n g , namely, VCcai na e t c . But FW

f i n d s t h i s SaidhyatiRa i n a d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n where t h e -- k i n g f e e l s encourage t t o c h e r i s h h i s d e s i r e o f o b t a i n i n s

J a k u n t a l z , a s o r iya iva . 'L co!; i i rms t h a t s h e should be g i v e n

I n milrr iage with a s u i t a b l e husband. :VKK j a s t r i l o c a t e s

t h l s I n a s i t u a t i o n where S a d u n t a l a f e e l s t h a t i f s h e

cou ln s e l e c t h e r husband, she c s u l d t a k e t h i s gentle8nan

a s h e r husband. G . 2 . S a s t r i a l s o r p f e r s t o t h i s Sa6dhya;ga

i n t h e same s ~ t u a t i o n a s n o t i c ~ a d by NK* S a s t r i . * ?

I n Vikranla K ' l l o c a t e s t h i s 5aidhyatii,a a t t h e end

o f t h e end o f t h e f l r s t a c t , where U z a ? l e a v e s f o r 4

h e r 'leaven-abode an? t h e kin:, and J ~ V ~ J I A S i e l l , i e e l

very unhau ~ y . 45-

I n Mas, KV l o c a t e s t h i s Saidhyafiga i n ti:e speeches

o f t h e k ing , where t h e k ine f e e l s very happy t o l i s t e n t o

t h e music f!wm t h e deioonstrat ion h a l l , knowinq t h a t he

w i l l be seek ing K l a v i k H soon. SF.zgrthadIpik5 a l s o

l o c a t e s t h i s s d d h y a h g a i n t h e same s i t u a t i o n on s i m i l a r

ground. 24

The word 'vidhzna or r i inar i ly neans 'doing something

with r e f e r e n c e t o some r u l e s o r i n s t r u c t i o n s ' jut h e r e ,

t h e 'vidhCnal i s what causes both j o y and sorrow.

1 . Suk$&kh y o ' r t h a s tii.6, Vidh ina i ( l i f . XIX.73.7.40). 2. V i d h g n i sukhaduhkhakp. (DR. I . 28. D. It).

3. V i + j ~ { sfik&~-duhkhEpti; !.rue 1. 45. J. 6 7 ) .

4. VidhSna~i! sukhaduhkha&rt . (3Z. VII. 166. 3 . 503) - -- 5. Bijasukhaduhkhahetur vidhharh ( 2 2 . 10. 3 . 133)

c,. Sukhad?khakar& y a t t u taa vldhanari budi3 Vlz - - L * . 1JI. 56)

7 . Sukhaduhkhakrto y o ' r t h a s ta: vir:hZnam it] sfnrt'tl

(SD. V I . 8 5 , ,>. 419)

8. Jukhaduhkhakrto yo ' r t h a s tad V i ~ l h ~ n m . ----- - p-

LNLR. n . b l )

We may mention he re t he i n t e r p r o t a t i o n o f Bh? ra tx l s

d e f i n i t i o n o f this .Salirdhysriga by l ' . G . Mainkar. rie s a y s ,

' I . . . Vidhana acco rd ins t o Bhara ta ' s definition might mean

a s t e p o r something done i n o rde r t o procure p l easu re o r

t o avoid oa1n1' .25

I t may be pointe.1 o u t t h a t t n e lid sho~vs f ~ u r c a s ? s

f o r t h e l o r a t i o n o f t h i s Vidhana-saidhyaliga , namely,

i i ) ; t h i n g whlch i s a l t e r n 8 3 t e l y h a m i n e s s and sm-rrrow t o

one and t h e same person, ( i i ) where it i s ~ l e a s u r a b l e t o

one but oainfu: t o o t h e r , i i i i i exclus ively ~ l e a s u r a b l e

( i v ) and exclusive1.1 painful .26 TQ show t h e d i s t i i ~ c t i o n

between t h e o ran t1 and the vlllh2n:l, t h e .vU cosments,

# S u ~ h a s y a - sukhahetoLca anvesananipa p r Z ~ t i ? . Sannihi -

tasukhTtmakam La ekaost ragatasukha (tmakai ca V I , dhznam

iti ~hedah"."' As clainkar hol f i s , "The d i s t i n c t i o n between -- - Przol;i VidhLna i s t h a t while <+G i s t h e e a r l i e s t

glimpse o f t h e r a a l i s a n o n of t he ;lh!aA, soontaneously

obtained, V m . a i s sometiliqg don? t o procure p l easu re

o r t s avoid oain'f .28 I t may be noted here t h a t t h e .U

a l o ~ l e has followed t h e d e ' i n i t i o n o f 3hnra tn .

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and aqol ica t ion

1 ) \F& a: labdhgvak&o e manorathah. u u . . . a x e -+ dhrtadvaidhfbh6v?kitarai me mana J t ~ a ~ a 2 vFkyadvayena -. sukhad+khayor gamyam&natv~d vidhgnai nZma sarhdhyarigai

- .- . -- - --

u=. (KV on gak. I. 23. 24. 7 )

2 ) (Vidiifaka: . . . tad 5% c i n t a m o e t c . ) cintanena

sukham, ~ E h c c h e d e n a -.m duhb iti . anena v i g i h g d

?imgrigam upaksiptam. (Ka on gak. 11. p. 56. 1 .16)

3 ) (-%> i a k u n t a l s - vilokayan e t c .) a t r a porvakalpasya

s a i L a y ~ t m a k a t v ~ d d*kh.jm, atbavetyutt=rakalpe'nurh- --

g a n i & a y ~ t sukhai i t ya r thasya ~ukhadyh*k?*z

vlclhgnarh e t c . (Kishorakeli on 2ak.1. 33. 73.14) --- 4 ) JbG: i d ~ . a s u l a b h e v a s ~ u przrthan! durnivgram.. .

a 2 cHtra_ E h g n h k h y d mukhasarhdhyatigam. {Kalpalat!

on-Vikram?. 11. 6. 54. 2 3 ) .

I n 6ak. KV l o c a t e s t h i s % i n t h e s ~ e e c h of t he

kinn Cusysnta who f e e l s both joy and sorrow. R3 l o c a t e s

t h i s aAga i n a d i i f e r e n t s i t u ? t i o n , i e . i n t he soeech

of t h e V idc~aka . Niih S a s t r i t r l c e s t h i s saidhyatiga i n

t he speech of t h e king who f e e l s both sorrow an?

hapoiness.

I n Vikrama t h i s ViciGna Ja idhya iaa is l o c a t ~ ~ d by

S . ' i . S a s t r i i n t h e speech of t h e king. He i s t h e only

commentator t o l o c a t e t h i s k i n t h i s drama."

The term paribh6vanK means 'media ta t ion ' o r 'con-

t e n p l a t i o n ' . According t o Bharata a l y evpress ion h i c h

f i l l s t n e mind with c u r i o c i t i , i s a c a s e of paribhzvang.

However, l a t e r w r i t e r s l i k e t h e D", AD, a? and t h e ?R

nold t h a t an e x p r e s s i o n of s u n r i s e with i n t e n t n e s s i s

uaribhZvanH. I t may be observed t h a t i n DK. J? and KV's . A-

coa.nentary, i t i s s o e l t a s oaribhdva. hv iden t ly t h i s

s h o r t e r form, 'oa r iSh8va ' f o r '9ariohIvanH' i s used f o r

m e t r i c a l reasons.

D e f i n i t i o n s -

1 . Kut%alot tarHveg3 vi3Eeyi ~ a r i b h C v + n a .

( N S . X I X . 7 7 . D . 4 0 )

2 . ~ a r i b h b v o ' d b h ~ t 5 v e s ' a ~ (DR. I . 29. D . 16)

3. lismayah .- -- par ibh lvanz . (.dl. I . 45. n. 6 8 )

/

4. EaribhZvo'dbh6thvesa? iaP. VII. 186. p. 302)

5. ~&visay.&caryhve;ah pr ibhhvang . (9fi. 10. p. 130)

6. ~ la 'ghya i&i t tacamatk6ro gu+dyai; paribh6vanE.

(Rd. 111. 3 6 . p . 132)

7 . Kutaa lo t ta ra - v e t ? p rok ta t u oaribh5vanC.

\SD. VI. 86. p. 419)

8. ~ u t i h a l ~ n t a r g d a y : syad ar tn? _p_aribha'vanC.

(15R. 79. p . 6 2 )

Analysis

A s noted, and c l e a r f ron t h e d e f i n i t i o n and

i l l u s t r a t i o n quoted above, we have two d i s t i n c t groups

of d e f i n i t i o n , one h e ~ d e d by Bharata and the o t h e r , by

Dhananja a Whlle one emphasises t h e idea of c u r i o s i t y / a s t h e case of 'par ibhgvang' , t h e o t h e r a s t h e idea of

astonishment (Jismaya 2 . However, an a n a l y s i s and ernaminatlon of t h e s e

d e f i n i t i o n s along with t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n s would suggest

t h a t elements of s u r p r i s e and c o n t e m ~ l a t i o n working

t o g e t h e r make a c a s e of 'narlbh8vang'

I t may be noted here t h a t the UR and give

example from V S . The DR, again has an exanole f r o r

HV .

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and App l i ca t ion

i . ( G j b : Bhagavk I d y a p a h i b i v a t e brahmani e >.)

a t r ~ t r n a j a i a b d e n a adbh6tasya ganyamanatv&t paribhgva

iti s a i d h y a b a i u k t a i . 'par ibhav- E p r a h u r a d b h G - - t h r than ivedana$ ' s. (KV on 6ak. I . 22.22.10).

aho ces tbpra t i rTis ikC k j m e e t c . ) a t r a

atmano v r t t i t i a lokya nayakasya

v i s m a y a v e g ~ ~ pa r lbh lvan6 nGZn am idam. 4- iAbhi.Sak.Carc<. p.70.1.9)

' iti . . a t r a par ibhgvanh naaa ~ukhasa rndh~an~arh .

---A - - (K i sho rake l i on Aak. I . 32. 72. 19)

4 . (=a: priyam Zcaretavn l s t e me e t c . ) a o i c 6 t r a

sarputsukasya bhGvlvirahakhinnasya ngyakasye

K c u k a p r J y a u i d a m -, vacah Zar ibhavang~\yai i

sa6dhyarigam sam u t t h a p a y a t i . - - -. -- -

I n t h e f i r s t a c t o f Sak. when t h e k ing wonders o r --.c) ,

r a t h e r exp res ses c u r i o s i t y a s t o how Sakun ta l a can be

t h e d a u k h t e r of Kanva, K V l o c a t e s t h i s s a i d h y a f i ~ s . --

However, ~ ~ h i - i a k - ~ a r c ; , RB and C . P . j a s t r l l o c a t e

t h i s a i g a i n t h e same a c t i n a s i t u a t i o n where t h e k ing

e x p r e s s e s a u r 3 r i s e o r wonder about h i s own b e h q v i ~ u r . ~ ~

As is s e e n , xM S a s t r i l o c a t e s t h i s ParibhCvanS- i n

t h e speech o f oriya!hvadg *en she asks i a k u n t a l i , a s

t o wtry she i s n o t moving \Kii idZnf& n? g s n ~ ~ a t e ) . ~ '

I n Vikrama K V h a s n o t l o c a t e d t h i s a& where a s

S.N. S a s t r i l o c a t e s i t an t h e speech of t h e k ing , namely,

?riyam Ccaritam e t ~ . ~ *

'Udbheda' means breakin? o u t , mani fes ta t ion o r d i s o l a y

and t h i s meaninq may be extended t o i t s t e c h n i c a l

usage a l s o where i t would nean t h e mani fes ta t ion o f b i j a .

Bharata d e f i n e s i t a s t n e deve loment o f b f j a r t h a where

a s t h e DR t a k e s i t t o mean burs t ing f o r t h of something

s e c r e t o r hidden.

D e f i n i t i o n s

2 . Udbh.90 giidhabhedana,h. \Dk. 1.29. 2 . 481 -* - 3. d v a l p s o r a m h ~ -- Udbheda? -. \lo 1.44. n. 62)

4. U E d o <udhwbhedanai is. ' . VII. 186. i . z03)

5. ~ i i d h a b r j a a r a k ~ i a n a 6 udbheda!. (PR. 10. p. 130) - . 6 . ~ d g h h t a n a e yad bf jasya sa Udbhed?? o rakz r i t i t a ; --

( G . 11. 37. p .1331 .

I t i s c l e a r from t h e d e f i n i t i o n s t h a t 'Ydbheda' i s

used i n t w m d i f f e r e n t senses by two groups. The DR, ND,

3 P and t h e ?ii belong t o one where as 1 4 4 , Abhimvabharatf

%, NLR and t h e 53 form t h e o the r . The DR g lves i l l u s t r a -

t i o n from t h e RV & VS whereas t he hj and the SD quote 2 from 3alarEmayana, Venf saha ra resnect ive ly .

/

I l l u s t r a t i o n and a w l i c a t i o n

1. (RSja: - . . . VaiKhanasem e t c . ) Vaikhinasai- kim a n ~ y e t y a d i n g anumaavara3radgn.?ru;lasa~khaloasya

@dhi r thasya o r a ~ i Udbhedo *:ma saidhyangr?

u k t a i . 'Udbhedah s a p ~ r i jiieyo y e t t u gudharthabhedana! - --, - - _ ._.- - i t i . I K V on 4ak. I . 25.25.9). -

2 . ?Priya6vsdh.. . MocayitZsl . . . mshnrajena, gaccedgnim.. . ; S a k ~ n t a l ~ - ~ a d ~ ~ t n n n a l ~ ____.- nrabhavisyam ) -- aneno3ShedhanGn~k3m

arigam u o a k s i o ~ ~ m .

(RJ on Ask. I . 2b.49.19.)

4. (Citralelchg: vayasya e--c. ) ci t ra lekh&ukhena / ,

K r t a v i l ~ p a n ~ y ~ JrvasyCs c e t a s i samudbhCitabIj5rtha- - 6

prarohasyopavarnanZd u t t a r a t r a L a *gamyatGrh .- p r a r o h a s y o p a v a m e d u t t a r a t r a La I gamyatKm

punarda rLan iye '2 Gyakoktye dhvanitasya S j E o -.

n a n a s i par iphurata? pErvargnasya prarohiid .-

Udbhedaxyam mukhasarhdhyatigarn upanyastam.

(Kalpala tC on Vikrama. I . 17. 34. 1)

I

- - -. - . -- --- - - -.

u k t a i bhavat i . iKV on Mala: I . 13 .22 .4 . )

I n 6ak. t i V l o c a t e s t h e ddbheda ?_~nidhyariga i n t h e

speech (answer) of Zriyamvada which rive-11s Kanva' s d e s i r e /

t o g i v e sakunta la i n marriage w t h a s u i t a b l e person. I n

>lala a l s o he has l o c a t e d t h i s a& i n t h e speech o f t h e

queen DhZrini, which r evea l s t he ( s e c r e t ) love of t h e

k ine towards Malavika. Fron t h e express ion o f KV it i s

ev iden t t h a t he fo l lows t h e DR i n l o c a t i n g this-.

F'd l o c a t e s t h i s sarhdhyanqa i n a d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n

where t h e King's i d e n t i t y 1.. revealed. ,KK S a s t n and

C.P. 3 a s t r i l o c a t e t h i s ariga i n t h e situations a s

l o c a t e d by KY and iii r e s ~ e c t i v e l v . 33

I n Vikrama t h i s aAga i s t r a c - d by S.N. a a s t r i I

i n a p l a c e h e r e u r v a s i ' s l o v e towards t h e k ing i s

revea led .

I n s , Rri p a n d i t l o c a t e s t h i s a6ga i n t h e same

s i t u s t i o n a s l o c a t e d by K V . ~ He r e f e r s t o t h e view,

i n t h i s connec t ion , o f some c r i t i c i n t h e words...

l i ty :Tsuah ' . Probably, t h e c r i t i c , he has I n minr4, i s -. K V .

Karana means, o r i s an ins t rument which l e a d s t o t h e

pha la ( r e s u l t ) . The same meanin? has been a a i n t a i n e d by - t h e t ex tbook w r i t e r s i n i t s t e c h n i c a l sense a s w e l l .

nccord ing t o t h e n , Karaya i s a s i t u a t i o n o r a c a s e where

t h e r e is t h e a c t u a l beginning of t h e m a t t e r i n hand

o r a s t e p which i s t h e cause of t h e beginning of t h e

m a t t e r .

1 . P rakf t6 r thasamgra ibhaQ kara?a i ngma radbhavet .

(K:. XIX 7L. o. 4 1 )

'. Karana i ? m s t u t a k r i G IND. 1. 44. o. b 3 , _.._ -- 4 . Karanai g rakr ta rahbhah ( j?. VII. 186. n. 505.)

5. $rjCnugunapr?stutakZryhradibh+ G r a n a i . . -.- (PR. 10. o. 1303

6 . ~ r a s t u t 6 r t h a s a r n ~ r a ~ b h a ~ k a r a ~ i p a r i c a k s E e .

iRS. 111. 38. a . 133)

7 . $%?am ~ u n a c prakrthrthasam&raibhah.

(Sb. VI. 86. D. 420

I t may be observed t h a t a l l the text-book w r i t e r s

inc lud ing Bharata and t h e Dh share t h e same view t h a t

Kara?a i s t h e b ? g i ~ i n g o r a s t e p which i + t h e cause of

t h e beginning. flowever, t h e ND, thoumn agrees with t h e

DH, r ecords a view according t o which Karana i s t h e - .- avoidance of d i f f i c u l t i e s e i t h e r by reason of a bene-

d i c t i o n o r something e l s e . :he At, nu and the dL ouote

from V3. The Da, a g a l n , has a l s o i l l u s t r a t e ' from riV.

2. (w ... g a c c h a t i purah sa r i ram e t c . ) --- anena c i t t a v y & p ~ r a s y a v inaya la j j g d i b h i r durnivh- - ratvam dhyanyate. A t r ~ t t a ~ ~ k a w r a s t C y a m k a - - vipralamhhCrambhan~t karanam idam k. ---

I , (Abhi. Sak. Carcg on Sak. p . 77.1.8)

I n i a k KV, RD and GZ. S a s t r i l o c a t e t h i s sa idhya iga ,

i n a s i t u a t i o n h e r e Sakunts lg i s f o r c i b l y r e t a i n e d by

h e r f r i e n d pr iya ivada ' and t h e king h i m s e l f , ou t o f

sympathy f o r h e r , r e f e r s t o the t i r e d n e s s due t o t h e

wata r ing of t h e p l a n t s . 3 5

Abhi. iaic. Carcg and lTi ~ ( a s t r i , however, l o c a t e

t h i s i n a d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n I n t h e speech of t h e king

a t t h e end o f the f i r s t a c t where t h e king i s l e a v i n g t h e

_a;rama f o r h i s c a m s ? n i o n s . ~

12.

The word l r t e r a l l y means dissolution o r

d i s c l o s u r e . 3 h a r a t a , a s it w i l l be s e e n f r o a h i s

d e f i n i t i o n , h a s t h i s i d e a i n mind f o r t h i s anga. And

i n t h i s sense-a seems t o be i d e n t i c a l wi th Udbheda,

because o f which i n t h e same s i t u a t i o n bo th t h e s r i ~ a s a r e

l o c a t e d by d i f f e r e n t a u t h o r i t i e s .

D e f i n i t i o n s

1 . S_anghdtabhedang- r a h aa Sh+da ix k f r t i t a h

( ~ 2 . XIX. 75. D. 4 1 )

2. 8hedah p r o t a t h a n g bhavet . (Dh. I. 29. p . 17) - . ~ .. .-- - 3. ahedsna6 pgt rani rgamah. (1;U. I . b4. 7. b4) - . -. 4 . protse 'hanK' (BP: VII. 18b. D. 303)

5. ~ f j ~ n u g u n a u r o t s & a n a 6 Bhedah (PR. 10. p.130)

5 . _ ~ i j a s ~ o d b h e d a n a m Bhedo yad vG sa ighztabhedanae

(KS. 111. 37. p. 133)

7. ~amha tabhedana i . Wt & - Bhedah

protsa7lanE' it1 vadan t i . (SD V I . 87. D. 421 ) . 8. Samghatena rn i l i t a -ya r thasya bhaigo Bhndah. - -.

(NLh. o. b3)

An a n a l y s i s o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n s , a s ~ i v e n above,

s u g g e s t s f i v e d i f f e r e n t occas ions o r meanings where

t h i s ariga can be t r a c e d . These meanings su<f les t t h e f a c t

t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s ambiqui ty even amongst t h e r h e t o r i c s

and c r i t i c s i n un$ers tanding t h i s -a* nrope r ly . The

f i v e c a s e s f o r l o c a t i n g t h i s a k a a r e :

1 . m a i s an i i c i d e n t t h a t amounts t o a

d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f what m s n o t known s o f a r .

2. The h e a r t e n i n ? o f o r a c a s e o f enc7:lragernent.

3 . I t is a ca se of t h e breach o f union.

4. I t i s t h e e x i t of a c h a r a c t e r from t h e s t age i n

pursuance o f t h e i r r e spec t ive d u t i e s .

5. A s i t u a t i o n i n which a breaking up o f t h e fo rces

t h a t opposed t h e bf j o t p a t t i .

I t may be mentioned he re t h a t t h e DR and IW

t ake examples f mm VS . I l l u s t r a t i o n s and A3pl ica t ion

(Lf~m-: V_fk:asecane dve me dharayasi . . . ( i t i ba lzd eng i n i v a r t a y a t i ) :

9_3sd 9 n i v a r t a y a t i t y a t r a y ~ k s a s e c a n a -

k&nakathanavyHjena palEd sakhyakr th t

n i v a r t a n z t protsa3anGya gamyamanatv6t

3 h s o -a sarbd~vaigarn u k t a i p h r l v ~ t i . '- protasaxana bhavet -&.

(KV on Sa:. I . 26. 27. 2 )

2.iLEmamudreti - anuvKcanLnantarai oa ra spa rav i lokana i - e t c . )

a t r F d h i k S r i ~ u ~ s a v y a p a d e s ~ n a @hasy? ngyakasya

DusyantanEmanudrLnuvHcanena bfjanuqunyenodbhedanEt

Z d - o GmZngam idam.

(Abhi. iak. CarcZ D . 71. 1 . 19).

is tal laksanasya dhanikenokta tvgt . -. .-.- , (Ra. .,n Sak. I . 28.51.1)

f .k l o c a t e s thrs atiga I n t t ~ e a c t ~ o n of P r ~ y s i v q d ; /

1,. s t o 7 7 i n q S a k u n t ? l E f r o n movinr u n d e r same > r e t e x t .

:,A an N K k A a s t r ~ l o c a t e t n i s aAga i - a d i f f e r e n t s l t u ~ t i o . 1 - whete t h e k i n g Uusyanta ' s q resence i n t,he f o r e s t i s

d e c l a r e d ( from b e h i n d ) , whereas ~ b h l - ; a ! c - c a r c ~ l o c a t e s

t h i s a iga s t i l l i n a d i f f e r e n t situation wh--re t q e !tin$'s - i d e n t i t y I s r e v e a l e d front t i le i n s c r i b e d r i n ~ . ~ ~

Notes and i t e f e r g n ~

1. Vide 'tainkar, S a n s k r i t theor-?, 3 . 75.

2 . Vide O.K. dhat . o o . c i t 3 . 83.

c f . Abhinavabharst l on NS. X I X . 9. p . 6. 1.9. ,

3. Abhi-Sak-Carc5. ). 49. 11. 6-70. /

4 . XrthaorakCsikE on Vikramo. I . 3. 16. 2 0 .

5 . Shrhr thadio ikE on 14ala. I . 0.21.17.

Also v ide , Ji) on id. I . 7.22.9.

Dha on I I A . I . 1'. 22. 10.

VR on UH. I . 7.14. 16

Kale on RV. I . 6.7.12.

b . cf. B.bhi-;ak-~arc?i. o. 56. 1. 16. ,

7. cf. Aonin?vari i jalaksrn~ on Sak. I . 16.41.7 ,

3. c f . Arthanrak.lsikZ on Vikrsma. I . 11. 19. 10.

9. cf. J a r f i r t h a d i ~ ~ i k ? i \lala. I. 9. 23. 16.

sY.so v ide LhX on 1dH. I . 1 -.22.15.

V H on UR. I 9.17.30.

JD on VS. I . n. 124. 1. 15

10. Vide Ivlainkar, O D . Cit. a. 38. I

11. cf. Aishorakel i on Sak. I. 23. 45.14. I

c f . . ibhin~varS,ialaks.ni on Sak. I. 7'. 59.1:4

12. cf. R3 on Sak. I . 19. 'J7.11.

1'. . - f . ~ r t h a o r a k ~ L i k ~ on Vikrama. 1. 17.24.17.

14. C f . Shm-rthadfpika on . G l a . I . 9.23.26.

Also Vide 3nR on MR. I . 18.26. 1.

J D on VS. I . D. 128. 1. 22. I

15. C f . Abhi-Sak-Carci. p. bb . 1. 2 . /

C f . K i shorake l i on Sak. I . 28. 63.3. /

C f . AbhinevrEjalaksmi on Sak. I . 28.76. 9.

16. C f . Sgm-rthadfpikg on G l a . 1. 19. 42.7.

Also Vide DhH on PlH. I . 14.73.12.

VH on UR. I. 11.15.8-9.

k a l e on RV. I . 2'. 26. 16-17. /

17. C f . R B on Sak. I . 24. 45. 15;

c.f. AbhinavarZjalaksrni on 6ak. I . 70. 81.6.

18. C f . 3Cr&rthadfoika on r.?ala. I . 16.34.15.

a l s o v i d e DhR on P l r . I . 15. 25. 14;

VRonVH. I . 17. 18. 17.

19. C f . R3 on i a k . 1. 27. 50. 16. ,

20. C f . K i shorake l i on Sak. I . 30. 65. 17. I

21. C f . Xr thaprakas ikn on 'Vi~rarna. I. 17. 24. 17.

22. Cf. S s r a r t h a d i p i k a on .*lZla. I . 22. 4 4 . 72.;

Also Vide. DhH on MR. I. 16. 26. 3 .

,\ale on & V . 1. 23. 27.1. ,

23. C f . Abhlnavar%jalaksmi on Sak. I . 72. 83. 8.

2b. 2f. Szrar thadi 'p ika on MBla. I. 22. 44. 21

a l s o v i d e Dh.it . on I IR . 1. 15. 24. 6 .

VH on UR. I . 11.18.2

Kale on RV. I . 18.22.6

25. Vide Mainkar, S a n s k r i t theory. v. 46.

26. C f . NC. I. 45. pv. 67-68

27. i b i d . p. 68.

28. i l d e Mainkar, S a n s k r i t theory . D . 46.

2 9 . Also vide DhH on M i l . I . 15. 2 5 . 15

PR. p. 1W. 1. 3. ,

30. Cf. FiB. o n S a k . I . 26. 47. 4 , ; ,

c f . Abhinavam-jalaksmi on S a k . 1. 3.84.7 ,

31. Cf. Kishorakel i on Sak. I . 32. 72.19.

32. A3so v ide D h R on MR. I . l f+ . 2 3 . 1.

Kale on RV. I . 2 2 . 2 5 . 5 . ,

33. Cf. Kishorakel i on S a k . I . 29.65.18; ,

Cf. Abhinavnrajalaksrnf on 3 a k . I . 32. 53. 7.

34. Cf. SZriirthadivikG on MGla. I . 19.42.3.

Also Vide D1R on MR. I . 14.23.6

J D on V S . I . D . 150. 1. 26

VH on U R . I 34.17.1

Kale on C L V . I . 23.76. IS.

35. Cf. iia on iak. I . 26. 49.11; ,

Cf. Abhinavar i i ja laksn~ on S a k . 1. 3 2 . 86. 9. I

36. Jf. Kishorakel l on Sak. I. 35. 80.12;

V i d e a l s o 3hX. on A R . I . 15. 25. 1 ";

Kale on R V . I . 23. 26. 1.

J D . on V 3 . I . o. 171. 1. 9.

37. 3 f . Kishorakel i on Aak. I . 34. 75.6

a l s o V i d e DhH. on MR. I . 15. 24.4.

VHon UR. I . 24. 29.5.