Chapter 22 Review – “Age of Nationalism and Realism”

• To begin with remember that this age from 1850 – 1871 began with the reaction of the conservative rulers of Europe to the liberal revolutions of 1848, all of which basically failed to reach their goals of establishing liberal, constitutional governments that united people of a common nationality into one nation. In the end, it was moderate and conservative rulers who ended up accomplishing many of the goals of these 1848 revolutions.

• So who were these basically conservative leaders we should remember?

• In France, the leader was ____________________________________

• In Italy the key leaders were _______________________ and ____________________________

• In Prussia/Germany the key leaders turned out to be ________________________and

• ______________________________.

• Several of these leaders were canny and shrewd operators who were good at maneuvering to get their countries into favorable positions in the balance of power in Europe. Otto von Bismarck was probably the best of these operators and his practice of politics was known as _________________________.

• But let’s start with France under Louis Napoleon who by 1852 had maneuvered himself into the position of __________________ and assumed the title of ______________________.

• Napoleons first five or 10 years as ruler of France were quite successful. He put his efforts into rebuilding Frances infrastructure and France prospered during the 1850s. His most spectacular success during this period was the __________________________________ under the direction of _________________________.

• Napoleon was no laissez-faire leader. He believed that the government should __________________________________________________________________________.

• While France prospered under Louis Napoleon’s rule at first, when problems arose in the 1860’s he was pragmatic enough to __________________________________________________________________________

• Louis Napoleon was not so successful in his foreign adventures. In the 1860s, Louis intervened in _______________ which turned out to be a disaster. He set up a puppet ruler there who ended up _______________________________________________________________________.

• Louis Napoleon also got involved in the Crimean War – in 1853. The War began when Russia __________________________________________________________________________.

• When Russia invaded parts of the crumbling Ottoman Empire to take them over ______________ and ___________________ came in on the side of the Ottoman Empire to stop the Russia advance.

• So, in the end, Russia did not get the land she hoped for and the Crimean War marked the end of _______________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• By the way, many historians say the best thing to come out the Crimean war was the work of _____________________________ who greatly improved the way the wounded soldiers were treated.

• After the Crimean War, __________________ and _______________________of the small Italian Kingdom of Piedmont saw an opportunity to try to unite some of the Italian states. With the help of France, the Italians were able to defeat the Austrians, and even when the French withdrew, the Austrians were unable to hold onto their puppet states in Italy. So these states annexed themselves to Piedmont, forming the beginnings of a new Italian nation.

• In the meantime a dedicated Italian patriot named ______________________ raised a small army and invaded Sicily, an area of Italy that was ruled by a foreign king. The people of Sicily flocked to his side and his army, known as the ____________________ swept all the way up to _________________ before he stopped on the advice of Cavour.

• So by 1861, a new Kingdom of Italy was formed under the leadership of ____________________________.

• ___________________ was added to Italy in 1866 after Austria lost the ________________ War.

• And the last piece of Italy, ___________, was added in 1870 when French troops had to withdraw.

• The next and major story of this period was, of course, the Unification of Germany.

• Under Prussian leadership many German states had joined the ____________________ in the 1830s to improve and facilitate trade in Greater Germany. This states had learned the value of economic cooperation by the 1860s and many Germans were increasingly nationalist, wishing for a ________________________.

• So when the new Prussian Kaiser, _______________________, in 1862, appointed _____________________as his new Prime Minister to work with the Prussian Parliament, the leadership was set to strengthen the power of Prussia.

• And, when the parliament opposed the King’s plans to strengthen the Army Bismarck simply _______________________________________________________________________________

• Otto von Bismarck involved Prussia in three wars – being sure each time before he went to war that ______________________________.

• The three wars were:– A. ______________________ in 1864.– B. ______________________in 1866– C. ______________________1870

• As a result of the Austro-Prussian War, Bismarck was able to __________________________________________________________________________

• And then, in the Franco Prussian War, the Prussians __________________________________________________________________________

• Bismarck was a very successful leader and he represented a new type of leadership which is often referred to as ________________________. Bismarck believed that to be successful, he had to ________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Now as a result of the Austrian Empire’s defeat in 1866, the German Austrian Hapsburg leaders had to compromise with the most powerful nationalistic group in their Empire. So in 1867, The Austrian Empire became known as the ______________________________ with ___________________ and _______________________ dominating the other nationalistic minorities in the Empire.

• In Russia, after suffering a humiliating defeat in the Crimean War, Czar_________________ realized he had to try to reform and modernize Russia. His most dramatic reform took place in 1861 and was ___________________________________.

• He also set up zemstvos which were __________________________________________________________________________.

• Unfortunately, the Czar’s limited reforms didn’t satisfy many liberals/radicals in Russia and in 1881 the Czar was _____________________ by a group known as the People’s Will.

• And then there’s Britain. Britain fought in no major wars, endured no revolutions and faced no great nationalistic movement during this period. Britain continued to meet her problems through _____________________________________________________. There were two distinct Political Parties in Britain at this time known as the ____________________ and the _______________________.

• The leader of the Conservatives was _______________________________ and the leader of the Liberals was _______________________________. These two men made major marks of British Politics in the last half of the 19th Century.

• The most important piece of legislation passed by Parliament during this period was __________________________ which ________________________________________________________________________________

• You are familiar with the American Civil War from 1861 – 1865. It was extremely bloody and really decided the future of the U. S. as and united and “free” peoples.

• Now there were two particularly influential and powerful “thinkers” in this period whose ideas have shaped modern society and government immensely.

• The first was __________________ who developed his ideas of Communism/Socialism in response to the growing gap between the rich and the poor working class created by the Industrial Revolution.

• Marx and his friend ___________________ wrote ____________________________ in 1848 where they introduce their ideas for a new, “scientific” form of Socialism.

• They argued that all history is the history of ______________________.

• The current class struggle, they wrote was between _____________________ and the ________________________. Marx and Engels wrote that history was on the side of the ____________________________________ and felt the end of the struggle would be a _________________________________________. There ideas became the basis of many new socialist parties that formed in European nations in the late 19th Century.

• About ten years after the Communist Manifesto an unassuming naturalist named _____________________________ wrote perhaps the most controversial book of the Century. It was called the ______________________________.

• In this book Darwin argued that all life had evolved through a process of ____________________________ in which only the strongest of a species ___________________. This was known as ____________________________________.

• 12 years later he published a book entitled ______________________________ in which he argued that ________________________________________________________________________________

• The old religious beliefs and scientific standards continued to be challenged by the new “isms” and scientific discoveries like __________________________ and _____________________________ that were making their debuts. It seemed to many that ______________________ was challenging the last bastions of faith and spirituality.

• We should also mention the ground breaking work of Louis Pasteur whose work led to such advances in health care as _____________________ and ___________________________.

• Some new surgical practices of this period included __________________________ and _______________________________.

• Maybe you should remember the breakthrough of the first women in the medical field like ____________________________________.

• Go over Realism in Art and Literature:– A. Gustave Flaubert

Also in music Liszt and Wagner.