chapter 22 section 2 the enlightenment in europe
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 22
SECTION 2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
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TWO VIEWS OF GOVERNMENT
• ENLIGHTENMENT- KNOWN AS THE AGE OF REASON
• REASON: the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic.
• BROUGHT FORTH IDEA IN ENGLAND DURING 1600’S AFTER POLITICAL TURMOIL
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THOMAS HOBBES• WROTE LEVIATHAN (SEA MONSTER). • BELIEVED ALL HUMANS AS SELFISH & WICKED. • ARGUED PEOPLE GAVE UP THEIR RIGHTS FOR A
STRONG RULER FOR GAINING LAW AND ORDER & SELF INTEREST, THIS IS KNOWN AS A SOCIAL CONTRACT.
• BEST GOVERNMENT WAS ONE THAT HADAN ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN WHICH THEY COULD IMPOSE ORDER AND DEMAND OBEDIENCE.
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JOHN LOCKE• BELIEVED PEOPLE COULD
LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE AND HAD NATURAL ABILITY TO GOVERN THEIR OWN AFFAIRS AND TO LOOK AFTER THE WELFARE OF SOCIETY, FAVORING A SELF-GOVERNMENT.
• BELIEVED ALL PEOPLE WERE BORN FREE AND EQUAL WITH 3 NATURAL RIGHTS– LIFE– LIBERTY– PROPERTY
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JOHN LOCKE
• PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT WAS TO PROTECT RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE. IF GOVERNMENT FAILS CITIZENS HAVE RIGHT TO OVER THROW IT.
• GOVERNMENTS POWER COMES FROM CONSENT FROM THE PEOPLE. THEORY BECOMES FOUNDATION OF MODERN DEMOCRACY
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U.S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
• “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
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THE PHILOSOPHES ADVOCATE REASON
• PHILOSOPHES- CRITICS IN FRANCE DURING MID 1700S BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE COULD APPLY REASON TO ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE–REASON–NATURE–HAPPINESS–PROGRESS– LIBERTY
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• REASON- TRUTH COULD BE DISCOVERED THROUGH LOGICAL THINKING
• NATURE- BELIEVED MANY THINGS WERE NATURAL. LAWS OF ECONOMIC & POLITCS JUST AS LAWS OF MOTION
• HAPPINESS- LIVING BY NATURES LAW COULD FIND HAPPINESS. ACCEPT MISERY TO FIND JOY IN THE HEREAFTER
• PROGRESS- PROGRESS IN SOCIETY. • LIBERTY- SOCIETY COULD BE SET FREE.
Beliefs of the Philosophes
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VOLTAIRE• MOST BRILLIANT AND
INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHER (FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET).
• USED SATIRE AGAINST HIS OPPENENTS. OFTEN TARGETED CLERGY, ARISTOCRACY, AND THE GOVERNMENT.
• FOUGHT FOR TOLERANCE, REASON, FREEDOM OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF, AND FREEDOM OF SPEECH.
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MONTESQUIEU• FRENCH WRITER, STUDIED
ANCIENT ROME AND CONCLUDED THEIR COLLAPSE WAS DIRECTLY RELATED TO ITS LOSS OF POLITICAL LIBERTIES.
• SEPARATION OF POWERS- DIVISION OF POWER AMONG DIFFERENT BRANCHES
• CHECKS & BALANCES- EACH BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT IS EQUAL AND WOULD ELIMINATE EITHER BRANCH FROM GAINING MORE POWER THAN THE OTHER. HIS IDEAS BECAME BASIS FOR U.S. CONSTITUTION
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JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
• PHILOSOPHER, COMMITTED TO INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
• “MAN IS BORN FREE AND EVERYWHERE HE IS IN CHAINS”
• DIRECT DEMOCRACY• ALL PEOPLE WERE
EQUAL AND THAT TITLES OF NOBILITY SHOULD BE ABOLISHED
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Bonesana Beccaria• ITALIAN PHILOSOPHER• CRITICIZED COMMON
ABUSES OF JUSTICE; TORTURING WITNESSES & SUSPECT, IRREGULAR PROCEEDINGS IN TRIALS, CRUEL & UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT
• RECEIVE A SPEEDY TRIAL & TORTURE NEVER USED
• DEGREE OF PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE BASED ON CRIME
• NO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
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WOMEN & THE ENLIGHTENMENT• MARY ASTELL- LACK OF
EDUCATION FOR WOMEN; UNEQUAL RELATIONSHIP FOR MEN AND WOMEN
• MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT- WOMEN’S EDUCATION AS IMPORTANT TO MEN. ENTER FIELDS OF MEDICINE & POLITICS (DOMINATED BY MEN)
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LEGACY OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
• CHALLENGED –PRINCIPLES AS THE DIVINE RIGHT
OF MONARCHS–UNION OF CHURCH & STATE–EXISTENCE OF UNEQUAL SOCIAL
CLASSES
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THREE LONG TERM EFFECTS
• BELIEF IN PROGRESS- HUMAN REASON COULD SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS, GREATER SOCIAL EQUALITY, MORE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
• MORE SECULAR OUTLOOK- BEGAN QUESTIONING THE SUPERSTITION & FEAR OF RELIGION AND PROMOTE TOLERANCE OF ALL RELIGIONS
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• IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL- OWN ABILITITY TO REASON AND JUDGE WHAT IS RIGHT OR WRONG.
THREE LONG TERM EFFECTS