President Lincoln’s Plan (10% Plan)President Lincoln’s Plan (10% Plan)Proclamation of Amnesty and

Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

Pardoned all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty, the state would be recognized.

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)Amnesty upon oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (could ask Johnson directly for pardon)

Oath-takers = 50% of voting population in 1860.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called on them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

New constitutions = must repudiate slavery, secession, and state debts.

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Amnesty upon oath to all except Confederate

civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (could ask Johnson directly for pardon)

Oath-takers = 50% of voting population in 1860.

New constitutions = must repudiate slavery, secession, and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats; brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President “Radical” Republicans in Congress were

led by Thaddeus Stevens (HOR) and Charles Sumner (Senate)

Radicals hated Johnson and his plan and led Congress to bar Southern Congressional delegates.

Early 1866 President vetoed extension of Freedmen’s Bureau and 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st time in U. S. history!!

1866 Congressional elections - Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state legislature.

Reconstruction Amendments

Reconstruction Amendments 13th amendment - Ratified December of 1865 –

abolished slavery

14th amendment - Ratified in July of 1868

* Provided a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. (made Blacks citizens)

* Repudiated the Confederate debt.

15th amendment - Ratified in 1870.

*Right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

* Women’s rights groups were furious!

All 3 added to Constitution before 100% of Confederate states readmitted

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

(Congressional/Radical Plan)

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

(Congressional/Radical Plan) Military Reconstruction Act

* Restarted Reconstruction in the Southern states

* Divided them into 5 military districts.

Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act

* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

* Designed to protect Radical members of Lincoln’s government.

* Constitutional? – Johnson challenged

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

(Congressional/Radical Plan)

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

(Congressional/Radical Plan)

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Edwin Stanton (Sec. of War) in

February, 1868 in violation of Tenure of Office Act.

He also removed generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

HOR impeached him on February 24th by a vote of 126–47 before even drawing up the charges!

11 week trial = Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3’s vote).

Why?

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,

and Abandoned Lands.

Established to provide jobs and education to meet the needs of freed slaves.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Southerners who supported Reconstruction called “scalawags”

Elections of 1868 and 1872

Elections of 1868 and 1872

Republican Ulysses S. Grant wins the Presidency and continues Reconstruction (Congress oversees)

Black CodesBlack Codes Passed by the Southern states

Purpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply

* Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers or tenant farmers.

SharecroppingSharecropping

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in state elections since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

The Failure of Federal Enforcement Rise of organizations like

Ku Klux Klan led to terrorizing of blacks to keep them from exercising their political rights.

Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act or Force Act] were meant to stop those groups, but failed

Southerners wrote/spoke of the “Lost Cause” (loss in the war and opposition to Reconstruction), yearning for a return to the virtues, economy, and social system of the Old South.

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full &

equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

Republicans – Rutherford B. Hayes/William WheelerDemocrats – Samuel Tilden/Thomas Hendricks

The Political Crisis of 1877

The Political Crisis of 1877

Tilden and Hayes tied – HOR to decide

Compromise of 1877 - Hayes agreed to remove troops from South and end Reconstruction; became President

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

Lasting Political Effects of Reconstruction

Lasting Political Effects of Reconstruction

By end of 1877, every southern state gov’t had been “redeemed” – political power had been restored to the Democrats (“Redeemers” or “Bourbons”)

States became known as the “Solid South”, voting Democratic in every election for the next 100 years.

Lasting Economic Effects of Reconstruction

Lasting Economic Effects of Reconstruction

Federal and state gov’ts lowered taxes and reduced spending but at the cost of diminishing services like education.

South became more industrialized – textile mills, tobacco, iron, and lumber industries.

Railroads expanded into South and West.

Black “middle class” developed

Economically inferior to white middle class

Former slaves acquired property, established small businesses, and entered professions.

Black churches/schools vital to black communities

Basis of success = EDUCATION!

Lasting Social Effects of Reconstruction: “Jim Crow” Laws

Lasting Social Effects of Reconstruction: “Jim Crow” Laws Meant to deny African-Americans full

citizenship - rarely received “equal protection under the law”

Kept from voting by poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, white primaries, threats and violence.

Often lynched for being too “uppity” or suspected of a crime against whites.

Laws enforced/perpetuated segregation and discrimination (de jure segregation)

Areas without laws requiring segregation often had de facto segregation – separation by custom and tradition.