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Page 1: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 2: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 3: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

President Lincoln’s President Lincoln’s PlanPlan• End of 1863End of 1863

– Lincoln begins creating a plan for Lincoln begins creating a plan for ReconstructionReconstruction• Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South

– Destroyed physically and economically by the Destroyed physically and economically by the warwar

• Quick readmissionQuick readmission– Keep property (except slaves)Keep property (except slaves)– Didn’t want to punish citizens for rebellionsDidn’t want to punish citizens for rebellions

Page 4: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. – must recognize the abolition of slavery

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

Page 5: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”

* They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

Radical Republicans were not pleased: felt that the Ten Percent Plan was too lenient

Page 6: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Radical Republican Plan

Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

Not supported by Lincoln

Pocket-veto

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Page 7: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Presidential AssassinationApril 14April 14thth, 1865, 1865

•Lincoln and his wife go to Ford’s Theater is Lincoln and his wife go to Ford’s Theater is Washington, DC to see “Our American Washington, DC to see “Our American Cousin”Cousin”

•At approximately 10:20 PM, Lincoln was At approximately 10:20 PM, Lincoln was shot near his left earshot near his left ear

– Booth knew the playBooth knew the play• Planned to shoot the President during a part where Planned to shoot the President during a part where

the crowd would be laughingthe crowd would be laughing

Page 8: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 9: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 10: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Presidential Assassination

• Booth fell from President’s box and broke Booth fell from President’s box and broke his leghis leg– Fled on horse to nearby town of CharlesFled on horse to nearby town of Charles

• Went to doctor for his legWent to doctor for his leg

• Lincoln was taken across the street to a Lincoln was taken across the street to a boarding houseboarding house– Died at 7:22 AM on April 15, 1865Died at 7:22 AM on April 15, 1865

• Booth was captured and killed on April 26, Booth was captured and killed on April 26, 18651865

Page 11: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 12: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 13: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 14: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Jeff Davis Under ArrestJeff Davis Under Arrest

Page 15: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Land DistributionLand Distribution

• Providing property for newly freed people Providing property for newly freed people became necessarybecame necessary– LA: former slaves continue to live on estates LA: former slaves continue to live on estates

of their former masters but are now paid of their former masters but are now paid wages, given medical care, etc.wages, given medical care, etc.• Closely supervised by federal troopsClosely supervised by federal troops

– GA & SC: Sherman will set aside land for GA & SC: Sherman will set aside land for newly freed slavesnewly freed slaves• 40 acres and a mule for each family in “Sherman 40 acres and a mule for each family in “Sherman

Land”Land”

Page 16: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Created by Lincoln and

Congress to help newly freed people

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Page 17: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Page 18: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Page 19: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866

• April 9, 1866April 9, 1866– First US federal law to define US citizenship First US federal law to define US citizenship

and affirm that all citizens are equally and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the lawprotected by the law

– Intended to protect the civil liberties of African Intended to protect the civil liberties of African AmericansAmericans

– Initially vetoed in 1865 & 1866 by President Initially vetoed in 1865 & 1866 by President Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson• Congressional override in 1866Congressional override in 1866

Page 20: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 21: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

Page 22: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Page 23: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Growing Northern Alarm!

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Page 24: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Black CodesBlack CodesPurpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Page 25: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

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Page 27: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

Page 28: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

MS 353,000 436,000

LA 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

Page 29: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

Page 30: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were

subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

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Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Page 32: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act

* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.

A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

Page 33: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

Page 34: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

Page 35: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 36: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

SharecroppingSharecropping

Page 37: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Page 38: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

SharecroppingSharecropping

• Each family assigned a small tract of landEach family assigned a small tract of land– Given food, clothing, equipment, etc.Given food, clothing, equipment, etc.– Crop was harvested and given to owner of Crop was harvested and given to owner of

plantation and he took it to marketplantation and he took it to market• Took out cost of items given to family Took out cost of items given to family • Half of the remaining amount was given back to Half of the remaining amount was given back to

the familythe family

• Became the way of life for most African Became the way of life for most African Americans living in the SouthAmericans living in the South

Page 39: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

Page 40: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

Page 41: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

Page 42: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Page 43: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Page 44: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 45: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Republican Ticket

Presidential Candidate:

Ulysses S. Grant-former Union

Gen.

Vice Presidential Candidate:

Schuyler Colfax-former Speaker

of the House

Page 46: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

The 1868 Democratic TicketPresidential

Candidate: Horatio Seymour- former

governor

Vice Presidential Candidate:

Frank Blair- former

Republican-opposed Radical

Reconstruction

Page 47: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

1868 Presidential Election

1868 Presidential Election

Page 48: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant

Page 49: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

1872 Presidential Election

1872 Presidential Election

Page 50: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Popular Vote for President: 1872

Popular Vote for President: 1872

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The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money

question.”

* debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.

* creditors, intellectuals support hard money.

1875 Specie Redemption Act.

1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!

Page 52: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments U. S. vs. Cruickshank (1876) LA white supremacists accused of

attacking a meeting of Blacks & were convicted under the 1870 Enforcement Acts. The Court held that the 14th Amendment

extended the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in cases involving discrimination by STATES. Therefore, discrimination by individuals or groups

were NOT covered.

Page 53: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments Civil Rights Cases (1883)

The Court declared the 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. The Court held that the 14th Amendment gave

Congress the power to outlaw discriminations by the states, but NOT by private individuals.

Black people must no longer “be the special favorites of the laws.” Therefore, this marked the end of federal attempts to

protect African American rights until well into the 20c!

Page 54: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed
Page 55: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Northern Support WanesNorthern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption.

Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Key monetary issues:

* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

* should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.

Page 56: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

Page 57: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

Page 58: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

The Political Crisis of 1877

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

Page 59: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

• Settled the dispute regarding the Election of Settled the dispute regarding the Election of 18761876– Hayes was given the presidency under these Hayes was given the presidency under these

conditions: conditions: • federal troops from the Southfederal troops from the South• Appoint at least one Southern Democrat to cabinetAppoint at least one Southern Democrat to cabinet• Construction of transcontinental railroad to Texas and Construction of transcontinental railroad to Texas and

the Pacificthe Pacific• Pass legislation to help the South recover more from Pass legislation to help the South recover more from

the Civil Warthe Civil War

– Only the first two were carried out Only the first two were carried out

Page 60: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails

Page 61: President Lincoln’s Plan End of 1863End of 1863 –Lincoln begins creating a plan for Reconstruction Rebuilding of the SouthRebuilding of the South –Destroyed

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877


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