chapter 23: the coming war...chapter 23: the coming war o japan and italy (allies side) expected...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 23: The Coming War
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 23:1, Dictators and War
o WHAT: Examine how dictators and militaristic regimes arose in several nations in the 1930s.
o WHAT: Summarize the actions taken by aggressive regimes in Europe and Asia.
o WHAT: Explain the responses of Britain, France, and the United States to these aggressive regimes.
o WHY: 11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II.
(Pro 17:15) He that justifieth
the wicked, and he that
condemneth the just, even they
both are abomination to the
LORD.
Chapter 23: The Coming War
o WWI ended in November 1918
when the Germans surrendered.
o At Versailles, Britain, France, and
the U.S. made the important
decisions.
o Germany and Russia were not
present.
Chapter 23: The Coming War
o Japan and Italy (Allies side) expected more land for their efforts.
o No one was happy with the peace agreement.
o But nations began to move towards democracy and freedom.
o But others became repressive dictatorships.
Rise of Totalitarianism:
o Is a government where a single
party or leader (dictator) controls:
o Economic
o Social
o Cultural lives of its people.
Communist Revolution (1917)
• The first totalitarian State was in
Russia (Soviet Union).
• The Communist leader Vladimir
Lenin created a totalitarian
nation.
• Millions died due to starvation,
famine, and civil war.
• Lenin died in 1924.
Rise of Totalitarianism
• Joseph Stalin led the Soviet Union.
• Stalin means “Man of Steel.”
• Stalin would imprison anyone that
opposed or he thought opposed him
(Great Terror).
• Combination of fear and propaganda
helped Stalin maintain power.
• Millions died based on his policies.
Rise of Totalitarianism
• Italy was disappointed that it did not get more territory after WWI.
• It wanted land from the former Austria-Hungary Empire.
• It also suffered a postwar depression.
• Communist movement grew strong and the government was unable to stop it.
Rise of Totalitarianism
• Benito Mussolini who founded the Fascist Party fought the Communists.
• The Fascist Party is a right-wing organization that trumpeted nationalism and promised to make Italy great again.
• King Emanuel III seeing Mussolini’s effectiveness asked him to form a government.
Rise of Totalitarianism
• Mussolini declared himself leader.
• He outlawed political parties.
• took over the press
• Create a secret police.
• Organize youth groups to indoctrinate
the young.
• Suppressed Strikes.
• He opposed liberalism and socialism.
• Isa_33:22 For the LORD is
our judge, the LORD is our
lawgiver, the LORD is our
king; he will save us.
• 1Jn_4:8 He that loveth not
knoweth not God; for God is
love.
• The exercise of force is
contrary to the principles of
God's government; He desires
only the service of love; and
love cannot be commanded; it
cannot be won by force or
authority. Only by love is love
awakened. To know God is to
love Him.... {Desire of Ages:
22.1}
Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan
• After World War I, Germany
became a democracy called the
Weimar Republic.
• Germany suffered severe
economic troubles in the 1920s,
including runaway inflation.
• Many Germans were angry with
the Treaty of Versailles.
Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan
• In the 1930s, the worldwide
Great Depression hit the
Weimar Republic hard.
• Worsening problems that
already existed.
Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan
o Extreme right wing groups like the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) became popular.
o The Nazi’s promoted German nationalism, and worker’s rights.
o Widespread unemployment, homelessness and hunger led many to embrace the Nazi Party.
o It was led by WWI veteran Adolf Hitler.
Hitler:
• He wrote a national bestselling book in prison called Mein Kampf.
• He was violently anti-Semitic or prejudiced against the Jewish people.
• He preached that the greatest threat against Germany was the Jewish people.
• It added to the existing prejudice for the Jewish religious differences.
Hitler’s Power:
• Was a powerful speaker that captivated the masses.
• Had a secret police that crushed all opposition.
• A State-controlled press that praised his accomplishments.
• State controlled educational system that indoctrinated the youth to think Hitler like a god.
Discussion Question
o What is the significance of totalitarian regimes controlling the media and education system? Why do you think they want to control information?
o Do you think even in the United States, the media is seeking to cause people to think and believe in a certain way especially when it comes to morality and lifestyle?
Hitler’s Economic Policies:
• Including rearmament,
• Massive public works projects.
• These policies ended the
depression in Germany.
Discussion Question
• Why do you think nations like Germany
were ready to embrace leaders like Hitler?
A PERIOD OF PEACE IN JAPAN (1920s)
o The 1920s brought Japan a period of democracy and peace.
o The power of the military was reduced.
o All men now had the right to vote.
o Trade Unions were legalized.
o Diverse political parties were established.
Militarists Gain Power in Japan (1930s)
• The Great Depression ended these reforms.
• Military leaders reasserted their traditional powers.
• To solve economic troubles and security, the military argued to expand throughout all of Asia.
• Japan was technically a Constitutional Monarchy but the Emperor was aloof.
Expansion of the Empire
• In 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria (NE China) and established a puppet state.
• In 1937, Japan invaded China taking control of major railroad links and costal areas.
• Japan entered the city of Nanjing murdering over 200,000 residents.
• It is called “The Rape of Nanjing.”
ACTIVITY
• Have a volunteer become a puppet
government and rest of the class the
nation. Instructor will pull the strings.
Dictators Turn To Aggression
• League of Nations never recovered from America’s refusal to join it.
• It has no standing army and no real power to enforce it decrees.
• Hitler defied the Treaty of Versailles by dramatically enlarging the German military.
• No one was able to stop him.
MID-1930s
o Hitler’s goal was to unify all Germanic
people into one State.
o In 1935 he reclaimed Saar region
from French control.
o He sent German troops into the
Rhineland (1936)
o The League of Nations failed to
respond.
Dictators Turn To Aggression
• Mussolini in 1935 invaded
Ethiopia.
• Emperor Haile Selassie appealed
to the League for support.
• The organization did nothing.
Dictators Turn To Aggression
• Fascist were victorious in a Civil War in Spain.
• Germany and Italy supported Francisco Franco.
• The Spanish Democratic Republic was overthrown.
• The Germans tested their military technology during the War.
• The Allies did nothing.
ACTIVITY:
• Pick a volunteer. Ask them to just take
one potato chip. He/she will ask for more.
And you keep giving it to them
(Appeasement)
APPEASEMENT:
• A Policy of granting concessions to a potential enemy in hope that it would maintain peace.
• This is the policy that France and Britain pursued towards Fascist powers.
• This allowed the Fascist powers to be more bold and aggressive.
Jas_4:7 Submit yourselves
therefore to God. Resist the
devil, and he will flee from you.
U.S. Policy:
o FDR pursued a Good Neighbor Policy with Latin America.
o And better relations with the Soviet Union.
o But did not get involved in German aggression.
o The U.S. embraced isolationism.
o Focused on their own economic troubles rather than what was happening in Europe.
Hitler Takes Advantage:
• In 1938 annexed Austria
(Anschluss)
• Took Sudetenland (Part of
Western Czechoslovakia)
• Largely populated by ethnic
Germans.
Munich Conference:
o British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French premiere Daladier allowed Hitler to take Sudetenland.
o They believed that this will preserve the peace.
o Chamberlain believed that the Munich Pact would lead to peace, he was wrong.
Discussion Question
• What would you have done differently if
you were in the position of Britain, France,
and the United States in dealing with
Hitler?
Chapter 23: The Coming War
OBJECTIVES: Learning About the Holocaust
o WHAT: Trace the roots and progress of Hitler’s campaign against the Jews.
o WHAT: The goals of Hitler’s Final Solution.
o WHAT: Examine how the United States responded to the Holocaust.
o WHY: 11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II.
Eph_5:11 And have no
fellowship with the unfruitful
works of darkness, but rather
reprove them.
Hitler Blames Jews:
o For all the ills of Germany
o Communism
o Inflation
o Abstract Painting
o The German defeat of WWI
Economic Persecution of Jews:
o It was first economic persecution.
o Hitler urged a boycott of Jewish-owned businesses.
o Barred Jews from jobs in Civil Service
o Banking
o Stock Exchange
o Law
o Journalism
o Medicine.
SOCIAL PERSECUTION
• Banned marriage between Jews
and non-Jews (1935).
• Segregated Jews.
• Hitler’s total control of German
society fueled hate of Jews
through propaganda.
The Holocaust
• This was the building blocks for
the Holocaust.
• It is the Nazi attempt to kill all
Jews under their control.
• Nazi’s believed that Aryans
(White, German, Nordic, and
Anglo Saxons) were superior to
other people.
1936 OLYMPICS (BERLIN)
• In the 1936 Olympics in Berlin
Germany, Jesse Owens and
Sohn Kee Chung disproved
that theory by winning
Olympic Gold.
• Mack Robinson, Jackie
Robinson’s brother won a
silver medal.
• Rom_10:12 For there is no
difference between the Jew
and the Greek: for the same
Lord over all is rich unto all
that call upon him.
• Joh_13:34 A new
commandment I give unto
you, That ye love one another;
as I have loved you, that ye
also love one another.
Violence Erupts on Kristallnacht
• On November 9, 1938,
Kristallnacht or night of the
broken glass.
• After a Jewish refugee killed
a German diplomat in Paris.
• Nazi officials ordered attacks
on Jews in Germany, Austria,
and Sudetenland.
FLEEING GERMANY (1933-1937)
• 129,000 Jews fled
Germany and Nazi
controlled Austria.
• Included were notable
scientists and artists
including Albert Einstein.
Closing Door For Freedom:
• The St. Louis departed Germany for Cuba with 900 Jewish refugees.
• 22 passengers were permitted to stay.
• The ship returned to Germany.
• Almost 600 Jews onboard the ship died in concentration camps.
Reason For Doors Closed for Jews In U.S.
o Anti-Semitism
o Apathy
o Preoccupied with the
Great Depression.
o Underestimate Hitler’s
Genocidal Plans.
Discussion Question
• Do you think the United States should
accept refugees freely from dangerous
nations such as Syria even though there
maybe a possibility for ISIS to pretend to
be refugees to attack the U.S.?
• “And if a stranger sojourn with
thee in your land, ye shall not vex
him. But the stranger that
dwelleth with you shall be unto
you as one born among you, and
thou shalt love him as thyself; for
ye were strangers in the land of
Egypt: I am the LORD your God.”
Leviticus 19:33-34
THE FINAL SOLUTION:
• Nazi plan to systematic
extermination of all Jews living
in the region.
• Today we call such wilful
annihilation of a racial, political,
or cultural group as genocide.
Concentration Camps
o In 1933, the first concentration camp was opened to confine Jews.
o It was the year Hitler became Chancellor of Germany.
o Also imprisoned were anyone who opposed Hitler.
o Including “undesirables” (Gypsies, Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals, physical disabled)
Discussion Question
• Should nations around the world get
involved and use whatever methods to try
to stop genocide from happening,
including sending troops?
• “Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Execute true judgment, and shew mercy and compassions every man to his brother: And oppress not the widow, nor the fatherless, the stranger, nor the poor; and let none of you imagine evil against his brother in your heart." Zechariah 7:9-10.
Chapter 23: The Coming War
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 23:2: From Isolation To Involvement
o WHAT: Explain the course of the early years of World War II in Europe.
o WHAT: Describe FDR’s foreign policy in the mid-1930s and the great debate between interventionists and isolationists.
o WHAT: Explain how the United States became more involved in the conflict.
o WHY: 11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II.
(Mat 5:42) Give to him that
asketh thee, and from him that
would borrow of thee turn not
thou away.
Rising Tensions:
o Japan sunk a American gunboat Panay in China killing three Americans.
o In October 5, 1937, FDR spoke out against Japanese aggression in Asia.
o FDR stated that no part of the world was isolated from the rest of the world.
o FDR was heavily criticized for his speech.
o But it marked U.S. concern over Japan’s actions.
Britain and France Take Action:
o Both nations realized that they must halt the German expansion.
o Poland would be the next target.
o Both nations signed an alliance with Poland.
o Promising aid if Hitler attacked.
Nonaggression Pact:
o Hitler did not want to fight a two front war.
o A Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact was signed on August 23, 1939.
o The nations promised not to attack each other
o And secretly agreed to invade and divide up Poland for themselves.
o The agreement shocked the West and revealed that Poland would be soon invaded.
War Begins with Blitzkrieg
• On September 1, 1939, Germany started a massive invasion of Poland.
• This began WWII.
• The massive invasion of troops, tanks, and bombers coordinated to attack quickly was called Blitzkrieg.
• The Soviet Union invaded from the East.
• Poland fell in a month.
War Begins
o France and Britain declared
war against Germany, but
they did nothing to help
save Poland.
o After 21 years, Europe was
at war again.
The Two Sides:
• The Axis Powers eventually
included Germany, Italy,
Japan, and several other
nations.
• The Allies included Britain,
France, and eventually, many
other nations, including the
Soviet Union, the U.S., and
China.
War Begins
• After eight months of quiet,
Germany attacked and
conquered Denmark and
Norway (April 9, 1940).
• Netherland, Belgium, and
Luxembourg fell the following
month.
• France was the next target.
France Next.
• France thought the Germans would invade through Belgium like in WWI.
• France sent its best army to defend that area.
• Instead the Germans invaded through a hilly forested area (Ardennes).
• Military experts thought that German troops could not invade through there.
France Next.
• The allies were caught by surprise.
• British and French forces were trapped in a area near the English Channel in Dunkirk.
• They were vulnerable of being wiped out.
• But Germany stalled its advance, allowing the Allies time to evacuate to Great Britain (338,000)
• This was called the Miracle of Dunkirk.
1Co_10:13 There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it.
Paris Falls
o Paris fell to the Nazis.
o France fell in 35 days to the Nazis.
o The French surrendered on the same railway car the Germans surrendered to the French in WWI (1918).
o France was divided into two sections.
o Northern France was controlled by the Germans and called occupied France.
o The Southern section was controlled by the French known as Vichy France.
o Officially neutral, they collaborated with the Nazis.
The Battle of Britain
• Hitler then sent his forces after Britain.
• The invasion was by air called Operation Sea Lion.
• The German Airforce sought to destroy the British Royal Air Force and gain control over the skies.
• They bombed Civilian and Military targets in a month long blitz.
The Battle of Britain
• New British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill inspired the people to
hold their ground.
• The British Royal Airforce shot
down 1,700 German planes while
losing 1,000.
• London remained defiant to the
attacks.
American Debates Intervention
o The majority of Americans opposed U.S. intervention.
o The American public was focused on the Great Depression and domestic affairs.
o Many also believed that WWI was a deadly mistake and pointless with the rise of Fascism in Europe.
o FDR however shared Churchill’s concerns about Germany.
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937
• Congress passes Neutrality Acts.
• Americans were banned from sailing on ships owned by nations at war.
• Banned selling weapons or giving financial loans to all nations that were fighting in the war.
• FDR was Anti-Nazi and wanted to help the Allies but was confined by the neutrality acts.
Cash and Carry Demonstration
• Two volunteers. One holding a British flag
comes across the classroom to an
American volunteer holding a American
flag. American gives the British guns and
rifles. The British then goes back to
Britain.
Cash and Carry Provision
• Congress agreed and passed the
Neutrality Act of 1939.
• This allowed a nation in the war to
buy goods and arms in the U.S.
• If they paid and carried the
merchandise on their own ships.
• The British Navy controlled the
seas, this aided the allies.
American Debates Intervention
• Many Americans disagreed with
FDR openly pro-allied positions.
• They believed it violated
American neutrality.
• Draw the U.S. into the war.
• A great debate between
isolationists and interventionists.
Isolationist viewpoint.
• U.S. should avoid alliances with other nations.
• Focus on issues at home such as the Depression.
• Complete neutrality was the path to keep the U.S. safe.
• Intervention will repeat the mistakes of WWI.
• Charles Lindbergh believed that the Soviets and Japanese were the real threats and not Western Europe.
Interventionists Viewpoint
• The U.S. should work with other nations to promote collective security.
• Axis aggressions were wrong and threatened American interests.
• The U.S. should aid the Allies, who were fighting for democracy and freedom.
• The U.S. should put pressure on the Axis powers and prepare for war.
Preparing For War
• Edward R. Murrow a CBS
reporter brought first-hand
accounts on the blitz in London.
• Describing the bombing of
Civilians by the Germans.
• Americans became convinced
for the need to prepare to
defend itself.
Tripartite Pact:
• September 1940, shortly
after the fall of France.
• Germany, Italy, and Japan
signed this pact and
became allies.
Preparing For War
• In the same month, Congress
passed a Selective Service Act,
• A peace time draft providing for
military training of 1.2 million troops.
• And 800,000 reserve troops each
year.
Preparing For War
• FDR gave the British 50 WWI era Battleships in exchange for eight British defense bases.
• Britain needed the ships to convoy goods across the Atlantic.
• Believing the act to be an emergency measure, FDR made the transfer without Congress’s permission.
Four Freedoms Speech:
• Given to Congress on January 6,
1941.
• It was given after FDR was elected for
a third term.
• FDR outlines four freedoms that were
threatened by Nazi and Japanese
militarism.
• FDR also believed that the best way to
stay out of the War was to aid Britain.
Four Freedoms Included:
o Freedom of Speech
o Freedom of Worship
o Freedom From Want
o Freedom From Fear
ACTIVITY:
• Which of the four freedoms do you feel is
the most important and why?
• Then go to the corner of which freedom
you think is the most important.
Lend-Lease Act:
• In March 1941, Congress approved of this act.
• It authorized FDR to sell, lease, lend, exchange to any government weapons.
• Where it would be necessary to the interest of the defense of the U.S.
• The U.S. aided the allies including the Soviet Union.
• And economically, the U.S. supported the Allies.
ATLANTIC CHARTER:
• In August 1941, FDR met with Churchill secretly on a warship off Newfoundland and signed the Atlantic Charter.
• It endorsed national self-determination, and an international system of “general security.”
• It signaled a deepening alliance between both nations.
U.S. Navy Battles German U Boats.
• The U.S. began to escort arms shipments to Iceland, where the British picked them up to take back to England.
• In the Fall of 1941, Hitler ordered German U Boats to attack American Ships.
• The U.S.S. Reuben James was attacked, killing more than a hundred sailors.
U.S. Navy Battles German U Boats.
• This angered the Americans.
• FDR gave orders to the navy to
attack German U boats on sight.
• In June 1941, Germany went to
war against the Soviet Union.
• War seemed inevitable with the
U.S.
DEBATE
• If you were living in America in the late
1930s, would you be an interventionist or
isolationist?
Chapter 23: The Coming War
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 23:3 America Enters the War
o WHAT: Explain why Japan decided to attack Pearl Harbor and describe the attack itself.
o WHAT: Explain how the United States mobilized for war after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
o WHAT: Summarize course of the war in the Pacific through the summer of 1942.
o WHY: 11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II.
(Luk 21:34) And take heed to
yourselves, lest at any time
your hearts be overcharged
with surfeiting, and
drunkenness, and cares of this
life, and so that day come upon
you unawares.
Growing Tensions Between Japan and the U.S.
• U.S. and Japan were allies during WWI.
• Japan was East Asia’s most powerful nation.
• Japan felt the U.S. presence in Guam, Philippines, and its support of China as a threat to its power.
• Japan expanded into China and Indochina (Vietnam) when WWII began in Europe.
EMBARGO
• FDR wanted to stop Japanese
expansion.
• In July 1940, he placed an
embargo.
• The U.S. would no longer sell or
supply oil, iron ore, fuel, steel,
and rubber.
• These materials were important
for Japan’s Navy and Airforce.
EMBARGO:
• Japan signed the Tripartite
Pact in 1940 with Germany
and Italy.
• FDR signed a more stricter
embargo.
• The embargo did not stop but
slowed expansion.
Prelude to War:
• In 1941, General Hideki “The Razor” Tojo became the Japanese prime minister.
• Tojo had a sharp mind and continued Japan’s military expansion.
• But he wanted to keep the U.S. neutral.
• In the Summer of 1941, the U.S. and Japan attempted to negotiate their differences.
Prelude To War:
• Japan wanted to expand and
the U.S. was against it.
• In late November 1941, the
U.S. rejected Japan’s latest
demands.
• Tojo gave up on peace and
ordered a surprise attack.
• On the U.S main Pacific Naval
Base in Pearl Harbor, HI.
Japan Attacks the U.S.
o Japan deployed 6 aircraft carries, 360 planes, and a fleet of warships.
o Their mission was to destroy the U.S. Naval and Air Forces in the Pacific with a surprise attack.
o This would prevent the U.S. from challenging Japanese expansion.
o The Japanese sent fighters and bombers to attack American forces.
December 7, 1941
• Americans suffered heavy losses.
• Nearly 2,500 people killed,
• 8 battleships severely damaged,
• 3 destroyers left unusable,
• 3 light cruisers damaged,
• 160 aircraft destroyed
• 128 more damaged.
Dodie Miller: Pearl Harbor Hero
• Dodie Miller was a cook in the U.S.S. West Virginia.
• He manned a machine gun to defend the ship even though it was not his post.
• Miller was the first African American to receive the Navy Cross Medal for his actions.
• Miller was honored by Admiral Chester Nimitz, commander of the Pacific Fleet.
Japan Attacks the U.S.
o The U.S. fleet was knocked out for nearly six months.
o Japan was free to conquer more territory without opposition.
o But the U.S. Aircraft carriers were not hit since they were out to sea.
o The U.S. Submarine bases also survived.
Japan Attacks the U.S.
• Only three ships, The Arizona, Oklahoma, and Utah were total losses.
• All the other ships were salvaged and returned to fight in the war.
• The salvaged ships helped to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific.
America Declares War
• FDR asked Congress to declare war against Japan the following day.
• The House voted 388 to 1 and the Senate had no opposing votes.
• The attack on Pearl Harbor unified the nation.
• Germany and Italy true to their commitments declared war on the U.S.
Quiz Question:
• Explain how the United States became
involved in WWII including what happened
in the Atlantic and the events that led to
the attack of, Pearl Harbor.
Mobilizing For War:
• A Spirit of Patriotism swept across the country.
• During the war more than 16 million Americans served in the military.
• From 1941 to 1942 alone the army grew from 1.4 million to 3 million.
• The navy increased from under 300,000 to more than 600,000.
• And marines from 54,000 to 150,000.
Mobilizing For War:
• 300,000 Mexican Americans and 25,000 Native Americans served in integrated units.
• Nearly one million African Americans joined the military.
• But served mostly in segregated units.
• But as casualties increased, African Americans began serving in White Combat units.
Women Join The War Effort:
• Congresswoman Edith Nourse
Rogers introduced a bill that
later established the Woman’s
Army Corps (WAC) (1941)
• Serving in the U.S. Army as:
• Truck drivers,
• Instructors
• Lab technicians.
Women Serve:
o More than 150,000 women
volunteered for the service.
o 15,000 served abroad over the
course of the war.
o Over 600 received medals for
their service.
o More than 57,000 nurses served
in the Army Nurses Corps.
Mobilizing For War:
o American industry would be key for the Allies to win the War.
o Civilian industries converted to produce war materials.
o The Government established the War Production Board (WPB) (January 1942)
o The WPB oversaw the conversion of factories for war (January, 1942).
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS
• The Government allocated
scarce materials to proper
industries.
• Rationed everything from
metals to meat.
• Regulated production of
Civilian goods.
• Establish production contracts.
Mobilizing For War:
• Massive defense spending finally ended the Great Depression.
• There was a job for every worker for the first time in more than a decade.
• U.S. raised its military production goods for each year of the war.
• Each year the U.S. met those goals.
Mobilizing For War:
o The Ford Motor Company put all its resources into war production.
o Built over 8,000 B-24 liberator bombers.
o Henry J. Kaiser Shipyards produced large merchant ships in the space of four and half days.
o American production levels were double those of the Axis (1944).
o The Allies had the advantage in weapons and materials.
Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
o Along with attacking Pearl Harbor, Japan attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong.
o Half of the U.S. planes in the Philippines were destroyed.
o On December 22, 1942, Japan invaded the Philippines.
Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
o American forces led by General Douglas MacArthur badly underestimated the Japanese.
o Manila (capital) was lost to the Americans.
o The U.S. forces retreated and dug in at Corregidor Island near the Bataan Peninsula
Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
o The Americans and their Filipino allies defended the Island for over four months.
o On May 6, 1942, lacking supplies they finally surrendered.
o MacArthur was evacuated to Australia by order of FDR before Corregidor fell.
o 75,000 allied soldiers surrendered.
Bataan Death March:
o The Japanese forced the allied prisoners of war (POWs) to march 58 miles.
o Most of the POWs were sick and malnourished.
o More than 7,000 American and Filipino troops died on the March.
o 77 female nurses were also captured but all survived courageously treating the soldiers.
Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
• By early 1942, Japan
controlled much of
Southeast Asia and the
Western Pacific.
• By the summer of 1942,
Japan appeared to be
ready to take Australia
and New Zealand.
America Strikes Back with the Dolittle Raid:
• FDR ordered a retaliation strike against Japan for Pearl Harbor.
• Colonel James Dolittle led a mission of American bombers to bomb Tokyo from the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Hornet.
• They manage to attack Tokyo, destroying 100 buildings and killing 50.
Battle of Coral Sea
o In early May 1942, the
Japanese moved to take Port
Moresby in New Guinea.
o It could then threaten
Australia.
o The U.S. sent two aircraft
carriers (Lexington &
Yorktown) along with support
vessels.
Battle of Coral Sea
o It was the first Naval battle where none of the ships directly fought each other.
o Instead, planes from both sides attacked each other ships.
o It was a draw but Japan had to call off its attack on New Guinea.
o Momentum was now to the Americans.
o The Pacific would be won on the strength of U.S. carriers, planes, and production capabilities.
Discussion Question
• Do you think if the United States were
more involved in international politics such
as being part of the League of Nations,
that it could have prevented World War II?