Chapter 25 Africa, Chapter 25 Africa, India, and the New India, and the New British Empire, 1750–British Empire, 1750–18701870

Changes and Changes and Exchanges in AfricaExchanges in Africa

New Africa StatesNew Africa States

Serious drought hit the coastlands of Serious drought hit the coastlands of southeastern Africa in the early southeastern Africa in the early nineteenth century.nineteenth century.

This led to conflicts over grazing and This led to conflicts over grazing and farming lands. farming lands.

During these conflicts a military genius During these conflicts a military genius named Shaka used strict military drill named Shaka used strict military drill and close-combat warfare in order to and close-combat warfare in order to build the Zulu kingdombuild the Zulu kingdom

The Zulu were the most powerful The Zulu were the most powerful

feared fighters in southern Africafeared fighters in southern Africa Shaka would raid African Shaka would raid African

neighbors, seize their cattle, and neighbors, seize their cattle, and capture their women and childrencapture their women and children

Some neighboring Africans created Some neighboring Africans created their own states (such as Swaziland their own states (such as Swaziland and Lesotho) in order to protect and Lesotho) in order to protect themselves against the expansionist themselves against the expansionist Zulu kingdom. Zulu kingdom.

Shaka ruled the Zulu kingdom for little Shaka ruled the Zulu kingdom for little more than a decade, but he succeeded more than a decade, but he succeeded in creating a new national identity as in creating a new national identity as well as a new kingdomwell as a new kingdom

In West Africa movements to purify In West Africa movements to purify Islam led to the construction of new Islam led to the construction of new states through the classic Muslim states through the classic Muslim pattern of pattern of jihad. (Holy war)jihad. (Holy war)

The largest of these reform The largest of these reform movements occurred in the Hausa movements occurred in the Hausa states and led to the establishment states and led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate (1809–1906). of the Sokoto Caliphate (1809–1906).

The new Muslim states became centers The new Muslim states became centers of Islamic learning and reform.of Islamic learning and reform.

Sokoto and other Muslim states both Sokoto and other Muslim states both sold slaves and used slaves in order to sold slaves and used slaves in order to raise foodraise food

This made it possible for them to This made it possible for them to seclude free Muslim women in their seclude free Muslim women in their homes in accordance with reformed homes in accordance with reformed Muslim practice Muslim practice

Modernization in Egypt Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopiaand Ethiopia

In Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r. 1805–In Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r. 1805–1848) carried out a series of 1848) carried out a series of modernizing reforms that were modernizing reforms that were intended to build up Egyptintended to build up Egypt’’s military s military strength.strength.

In order to pay for his reform In order to pay for his reform program, Muhammad Ali required program, Muhammad Ali required Egyptian peasants to cultivate cotton Egyptian peasants to cultivate cotton and other crops for export and other crops for export

Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali’’s grandson Ismail placed s grandson Ismail placed even more emphasis on westernizing even more emphasis on westernizing Egypt. Egypt.

IsmailIsmail’’s ambitious construction programs s ambitious construction programs (railroads, the new capital city of Cairo) (railroads, the new capital city of Cairo) were funded by borrowing from French and were funded by borrowing from French and British banks British banks

This led Britain and France to occupy the This led Britain and France to occupy the country when the market for cotton country when the market for cotton collapsed after the American Civil Warcollapsed after the American Civil War

In the mid- to late nineteenth century In the mid- to late nineteenth century Ethiopian kings reconquered territory that Ethiopian kings reconquered territory that had been lost since the sixteenth centuryhad been lost since the sixteenth century

They purchased modern European weaponsThey purchased modern European weapons They began to manufacture weapons locally. They began to manufacture weapons locally. An attempt to hold British officials captive led An attempt to hold British officials captive led

to a temporary British occupation in the to a temporary British occupation in the 1860s, but the British withdrew and the 1860s, but the British withdrew and the modernization program continuedmodernization program continued

India Under British RuleIndia Under British Rule

Company MenCompany Men

In the eighteenth century the In the eighteenth century the Mughal Empire was defeated and Mughal Empire was defeated and its capital sacked by marauding its capital sacked by marauding Iranian armiesIranian armies

Internally, the MughalInternally, the Mughal’’s deputies s deputies ((nawabsnawabs) had become de facto ) had become de facto independent rulers of their states independent rulers of their states

British, French, and Dutch companies British, French, and Dutch companies staffed by ambitious young staffed by ambitious young ““Company Company MenMen”” established trading posts and established trading posts and strategic places strategic places

They hired Indian troops (They hired Indian troops (sepoyssepoys) to ) to defend them. defend them.

By the early 1800s the British East India By the early 1800s the British East India Company had pushed the French out of Company had pushed the French out of south India, forced the Mughal Empire south India, forced the Mughal Empire to recognize Company rule over Bengal, to recognize Company rule over Bengal, and taken control of large territories and taken control of large territories that became the core of what would be that became the core of what would be called thecalled the““Bombay Presidency.Bombay Presidency.””

Raj and Rebellion, 1818–Raj and Rebellion, 1818–18571857

The British The British rajraj (reign) over India (reign) over India aimed both to introduce aimed both to introduce administrative and social reform administrative and social reform

Also to hold the support of Indian Also to hold the support of Indian allies by respecting Indian social allies by respecting Indian social and religious customs. and religious customs.

These contradictory goals led to These contradictory goals led to many inconsistencies in British many inconsistencies in British policies toward India policies toward India

Before 1850 the British created a Before 1850 the British created a government that relied on sepoy military government that relied on sepoy military power, disarmed the warriors of the Indian power, disarmed the warriors of the Indian states, gave free reign to Christian states, gave free reign to Christian missionaries, and established a private missionaries, and established a private land ownership system in order to ease tax land ownership system in order to ease tax collection. collection.

At the same time, the British bolstered the At the same time, the British bolstered the ““traditionaltraditional”” power of princes and holy men power of princes and holy men and invented and invented ““traditionaltraditional”” rituals to rituals to celebrate their own rule.celebrate their own rule.

British political and economic British political and economic influence benefited Indian elites influence benefited Indian elites and created jobs in some sectors and created jobs in some sectors while bringing new oppression to while bringing new oppression to the poor and causing the collapse the poor and causing the collapse of the traditional textile industryof the traditional textile industry

Discontent among the needy and Discontent among the needy and particularly among the Indian particularly among the Indian soldiers led to the Sepoy Rebellion soldiers led to the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857. of 1857.

The rebellion was suppressed in The rebellion was suppressed in 1858, but it gave the British a 1858, but it gave the British a severe shocksevere shock

Political Reform and Political Reform and Industrial ImpactIndustrial Impact After the rebellion of 1857–1858 the After the rebellion of 1857–1858 the

British eliminated the last traces of British eliminated the last traces of Mughal and Company rule and installed a Mughal and Company rule and installed a new government, administered from new government, administered from London. London.

The new government continued to The new government continued to emphasize both tradition and reform, emphasize both tradition and reform, maintained Indian princes in luxury, and maintained Indian princes in luxury, and staged elaborate ceremonial pageants staged elaborate ceremonial pageants known as durbarsknown as durbars

After the Sepoy rebellion a rise in After the Sepoy rebellion a rise in Indian nationalism begins to take Indian nationalism begins to take effect.effect.

BritainBritain’’s Eastern Empires Eastern Empire

Colonies and CommerceColonies and Commerce

British defeat of French and Dutch British defeat of French and Dutch forces in the Napoleonic Wars forces in the Napoleonic Wars allowed Britain to expand its allowed Britain to expand its control in South Africa, Southeast control in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and the southern Caribbean.Asia, and the southern Caribbean.

The Cape Colony was valuable to The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain because of its strategic Britain because of its strategic importance as a supply station on the importance as a supply station on the route to India. route to India.

In response to British pressure the In response to British pressure the descendants of earlier French and descendants of earlier French and Dutch settlers (the Afrikaners) Dutch settlers (the Afrikaners) embarked on a embarked on a ““Great TrekGreat Trek”” to found to found new coloniesnew colonies

The British also established a The British also established a series of strategic outposts in series of strategic outposts in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia.

Thomas Raffles established the Thomas Raffles established the free port of Singapore in 1824, free port of Singapore in 1824, Assam was annexed to India in Assam was annexed to India in 1826, and Burma was annexed in 1826, and Burma was annexed in 18521852

Imperial Policies and Imperial Policies and ShippingShipping Historians usually depict Britain in this Historians usually depict Britain in this

period as a reluctant empire builder, period as a reluctant empire builder, more interested in trade than in more interested in trade than in acquiring territory. acquiring territory.

Most of the new colonies were intended Most of the new colonies were intended to serve as ports in a global shipping to serve as ports in a global shipping network that the British envisioned in network that the British envisioned in terms of free trade, as opposed to the terms of free trade, as opposed to the previous mercantilist trade policyprevious mercantilist trade policy

Whether colonized or not, African, Whether colonized or not, African, Asian, and Pacific lands were being Asian, and Pacific lands were being drawn into the commercial drawn into the commercial networks created by British networks created by British expansion and industrialization. expansion and industrialization.

These areas became exporters of These areas became exporters of raw materials and agricultural raw materials and agricultural goods and importers of affordable goods and importers of affordable manufactured productsmanufactured products

A second impetus to global commercial A second impetus to global commercial expansion was the technological expansion was the technological revolution in the construction of revolution in the construction of oceangoing ships in the nineteenth oceangoing ships in the nineteenth century. century.

Use of iron to fasten timbers together and Use of iron to fasten timbers together and the use of huge canvas sails allowed the use of huge canvas sails allowed shipbuilders to make larger, faster vessels shipbuilders to make larger, faster vessels that lowered the cost of shipping and thus that lowered the cost of shipping and thus stimulated maritime tradestimulated maritime trade

After this time you will have the After this time you will have the colonization of Australia and New colonization of Australia and New Zealand begin to take placeZealand begin to take place

Colonization of Australia and New Zealand

The development of new ships and The development of new ships and shipping contributed to the shipping contributed to the colonization of Australia and New colonization of Australia and New Zealand by British settlers that Zealand by British settlers that displaced the indigenous displaced the indigenous populations.populations.

Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in the early seventeenth century, and the early seventeenth century, and Captain James Cook surveyed New Captain James Cook surveyed New Zealand and the eastern Australian coast Zealand and the eastern Australian coast between 1769 and 1778. between 1769 and 1778.

Unfamiliar diseases brought by new Unfamiliar diseases brought by new overseas contacts substantially reduced overseas contacts substantially reduced the populations of the hunter-gatherer the populations of the hunter-gatherer Aborigines of Australia and the Maori of Aborigines of Australia and the Maori of New Zealand.New Zealand.

Australia received British convicts and, Australia received British convicts and, after the discovery of gold in 1851, a after the discovery of gold in 1851, a flood of free European (and some flood of free European (and some Chinese) settlers. Chinese) settlers.

British settlers came more slowly to British settlers came more slowly to New Zealand until defeat of the Maori, New Zealand until defeat of the Maori, faster ships, and a short gold rush faster ships, and a short gold rush brought more British immigrants after brought more British immigrants after 1860.1860.

The British crown gradually turned The British crown gradually turned governing power over to the British settlers governing power over to the British settlers of Australia and New Zealand, but of Australia and New Zealand, but Aborigines and the Maori experienced Aborigines and the Maori experienced discrimination. discrimination.

However, Australia did develop powerful However, Australia did develop powerful trade unions, New Zealand promoted the trade unions, New Zealand promoted the availability of land for the common person, availability of land for the common person, and both Australia and New Zealand and both Australia and New Zealand granted women the right to vote in 1894. granted women the right to vote in 1894.

New Labor Migrations

Between 1834 and 1870 large Between 1834 and 1870 large numbers of Indians, Chinese, and numbers of Indians, Chinese, and Africans went overseas as laborers. Africans went overseas as laborers.

British India was the greatest British India was the greatest source of migrant laborers, and source of migrant laborers, and British colonies (particularly sugar British colonies (particularly sugar plantations) were the principal plantations) were the principal destinations of the migrants.destinations of the migrants.

With the end of slavery, the demand for With the end of slavery, the demand for cheap labor in the British colonies, Cuba, cheap labor in the British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii was filled by Indians, free and Hawaii was filled by Indians, free Africans, Chinese, and Japanese workers. Africans, Chinese, and Japanese workers.

These workers served under contracts of These workers served under contracts of indenture which bound them to work for indenture which bound them to work for a specified number of years in return for a specified number of years in return for free passage to their overseas free passage to their overseas destination, a small salary, and free destination, a small salary, and free housing, clothing and medical care. housing, clothing and medical care.

These new indentured migrants were These new indentured migrants were similar to the European emigrants of the similar to the European emigrants of the time in that they left their homelands time in that they left their homelands voluntarily in order to make money that voluntarily in order to make money that they could send or take back home or to they could send or take back home or to finance a new life in their new country. finance a new life in their new country.

However, people recruited as However, people recruited as indentured laborers were generally indentured laborers were generally much poorer than European emigrants, much poorer than European emigrants, took lower-paying jobs, and were unable took lower-paying jobs, and were unable to afford the passage to the most to afford the passage to the most desirable areas.desirable areas.