Africa, India, and the New Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750-1870British Empire, 1750-1870

Chapter 24Chapter 24

Changes and Exchanges in Changes and Exchanges in AfricaAfrica

New Africa StatesNew Africa States

Drought hit coastlands of southeastern Drought hit coastlands of southeastern AfricaAfrica Conflict over grazingConflict over grazing Zulu led by ShakaZulu led by Shaka

• New national identity and New national identity and

new kingdomnew kingdom

Neighboring statesNeighboring states Swaziland and LesothoSwaziland and Lesotho

West AfricaWest Africa Islam purityIslam purity JihadJihad Largest states in HausaLargest states in Hausa

• Sokoto Caliphate (1809-1906)Sokoto Caliphate (1809-1906) Centers of learningCenters of learning SlaverySlavery Seclusion of womenSeclusion of women

Modernization in Egypt and Modernization in Egypt and EthiopiaEthiopia

Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r.1805-1848)Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r.1805-1848) Raised military strength by requiring Egyptian Raised military strength by requiring Egyptian

peasants to cultivate ____ and other crops for peasants to cultivate ____ and other crops for export. export.

IsmailIsmail Focused on westernizationFocused on westernization

• Railroads, CairoRailroads, Cairo• How did he fund programs?How did he fund programs?• When the market for cotton collapse When the market for cotton collapse after the Civil War, France and England ________after the Civil War, France and England ________

In the mid to late 19In the mid to late 19thth century Ethiopian century Ethiopian kings reconquered territory that had been kings reconquered territory that had been lost since the sixteenth century, purchased lost since the sixteenth century, purchased modern European ______, and began to modern European ______, and began to manufacture _____ locally. manufacture _____ locally.

An attempt to hold British officials captive An attempt to hold British officials captive led to a temporary British occupation in the led to a temporary British occupation in the 1860s, but the British withdrew and the 1860s, but the British withdrew and the modernization program continued. modernization program continued.

European PenetrationEuropean Penetration

In 1830 France invaded AlgeriaIn 1830 France invaded Algeria It took ___ years for France to defeat Algerian It took ___ years for France to defeat Algerian

resistanceresistance• Muslim holy man Abd al-QadirMuslim holy man Abd al-Qadir

By 1871 130,000 European settlers had taken By 1871 130,000 European settlers had taken possession of rich Algerian farmland. possession of rich Algerian farmland.

Peaceful expeditions:Peaceful expeditions: David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and other David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and other

explorers traced the courses of the Nile, the Zambezi, explorers traced the courses of the Nile, the Zambezi, and Congo rivers. and Congo rivers.

Abolition and Legitimate TradeAbolition and Legitimate Trade

In 1808 activities of Britain and United States In 1808 activities of Britain and United States prohibited their citizens from participating in the prohibited their citizens from participating in the slave trade. This was a result of:slave trade. This was a result of: British navyBritish navy Cuba and BrasilCuba and Brasil

““Legitimate Trade”Legitimate Trade” Gold Gold Palm oilPalm oil

• JajaJaja

Suppression of slave trade led to Western Suppression of slave trade led to Western cultural influences in Africa.cultural influences in Africa. MissionariesMissionaries

• Sierra LeoneSierra Leone African AmericansAfrican Americans

• LiberiaLiberia

Secondary Empires in Eastern Secondary Empires in Eastern AfricaAfrica

East African marketsEast African markets Slave trade supplied from North Africa and Middle Slave trade supplied from North Africa and Middle

EastEast Zanzibar IslandZanzibar Island

• Slave tradeSlave trade• Ivory tradeIvory trade• ClovesCloves

““Secondary Empires”Secondary Empires”• Tippu TipTippu Tip

Western demand for ivoryWestern demand for ivory WeaponsWeapons

• Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali slavesslaves

India Under British RuleIndia Under British Rule

Company MenCompany Men

Mughal Empire in 18Mughal Empire in 18thth century was defeated by century was defeated by Iranian armies.Iranian armies. NawabsNawabs became became de factode facto rulers of independent states rulers of independent states

““Company Men” est. trading posts and hired Company Men” est. trading posts and hired sepoyssepoys for protection. for protection.

British East Indian Company pushed out French British East Indian Company pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize the and forced the Mughal to recognize the Company and became the “Bombay Presidency”Company and became the “Bombay Presidency”

Raj and Rebellion, 1818-1857Raj and Rebellion, 1818-1857

The British “raj” The British “raj” Administrative and social reformAdministrative and social reform Support Indian social and religious customsSupport Indian social and religious customs

• Contradiction Contradiction

Before 1850s the English created a government Before 1850s the English created a government that relied on sepoy military power that:that relied on sepoy military power that: Disarmed Indian warriorsDisarmed Indian warriors Christian missionariesChristian missionaries Private land ownershipPrivate land ownership ““traditional” ritualstraditional” rituals

British political and economic influence British political and economic influence benefited Indian elites while bringing new benefited Indian elites while bringing new _______ to the poor and causing the _______ to the poor and causing the collapse of the _____ industry.collapse of the _____ industry.

Sepoy Rebellion 1857Sepoy Rebellion 1857 Severe British shockSevere British shock

Political Reform and Industrial Political Reform and Industrial ImpactImpact

1857-58 the British eliminated the last traces of the 1857-58 the British eliminated the last traces of the Mughal and Company rule. Mughal and Company rule.

LondonLondon Princes in luxury Princes in luxury DurbarsDurbars

Indian Civil ServiceIndian Civil Service Expand productionExpand production

Agricultural commoditiesAgricultural commodities Irrigation systemsIrrigation systems RailroadsRailroads Telegraph linesTelegraph lines Spread of cholera led to new ____ systems. Spread of cholera led to new ____ systems.

Rising Indian NationalismRising Indian Nationalism

Failure of the 1857 rebellion led to a new Failure of the 1857 rebellion led to a new way for Indians to achieve control of their way for Indians to achieve control of their destiny.destiny.

Pan-Indian nationalismPan-Indian nationalism Rammouhan Roy and his “Brahmo Smaj” Rammouhan Roy and his “Brahmo Smaj”

movementmovement• Western secular valuesWestern secular values• Reform traditional abuses of womenReform traditional abuses of women• Western nationalism that transcended religious Western nationalism that transcended religious

differences. differences.

First Indian National Congress in 1885First Indian National Congress in 1885• National unityNational unity• Civil ServiceCivil Service

Britain's Eastern EmpireBritain's Eastern Empire

Colonies and CommerceColonies and Commerce What allowed British to expand its control What allowed British to expand its control

in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and the in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean?Caribbean?

The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain because of its strategic importance as a because of its strategic importance as a _______ on the route to India. _______ on the route to India.

Afrikaners Afrikaners ““Great Trek”1836 and 1839 to found new colonies on Great Trek”1836 and 1839 to found new colonies on

the fertile high veld that had been depopulated by the the fertile high veld that had been depopulated by the Zulu wars. Zulu wars.

Afrikaner’s Orange Free StateAfrikaner’s Orange Free State Transvaal Transvaal

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Thomas Raffles est. Singapore 1824Thomas Raffles est. Singapore 1824 Assam and Burma annexed Assam and Burma annexed 1826 and 1852 respectively1826 and 1852 respectively

Imperial Policies and ShippingImperial Policies and Shipping

Historians depict Britain as a reluctant Historians depict Britain as a reluctant empire builder, more interested in _____ empire builder, more interested in _____ than in acquiring territory. than in acquiring territory. Ports in a global shipping network for free Ports in a global shipping network for free

tradetrade ExportersExporters Technological revolution Technological revolution

• Use of ironUse of iron• Canvas sails Canvas sails

Colonization of Australia and Colonization of Australia and New ZealandNew Zealand

Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in the early seventeenth century.the early seventeenth century.

James Cook surveyed New Zealand and James Cook surveyed New Zealand and eastern Australian coast 1769-1778.eastern Australian coast 1769-1778.

New ships contributed to colonization of New ships contributed to colonization of Australia and New Zealand by the British. Australia and New Zealand by the British.

DiseaseDisease AboriginesAborigines MaoriMaori

Australia Australia British convictsBritish convicts Gold 1851Gold 1851

New ZealandNew Zealand Slow development until:Slow development until:

• Gold 1860Gold 1860• Maori defeatedMaori defeated

Governing power turned overGoverning power turned over Australia promoted=Australia promoted= New Zealand promoted=New Zealand promoted=

Women suffrage 1894Women suffrage 1894

New Labor MigrationsNew Labor Migrations

Between 1834 and 1870 large numbers of: Between 1834 and 1870 large numbers of: Indians, Chinese, African, and Japanese Indians, Chinese, African, and Japanese went overseas as laborers in British went overseas as laborers in British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii. colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii. Mostly _____Mostly _____ Why was demand for workers high?Why was demand for workers high? Indentured servantsIndentured servants

• Generally much poorer than European emigrantsGenerally much poorer than European emigrants