Chapter 25Chapter 25

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

European Empires in New European Empires in New WorldWorld

Virgin of GuadalupeVirgin of Guadalupe

New FranceNew France

• Location: Eastern Canada and much Location: Eastern Canada and much of midwest U.S.of midwest U.S.

• Reasons for establishment: Christian Reasons for establishment: Christian missionaries and fur trading postsmissionaries and fur trading posts

New NetherlandNew Netherland

• Location: Upper east coast of U.S.Location: Upper east coast of U.S.

• Reasons for establishment: Fur Reasons for establishment: Fur trading posttrading post

Massachusetts BayMassachusetts Bay

• Location: Upper east coast of U.S.Location: Upper east coast of U.S.

• Reasons for establishment: Religious Reasons for establishment: Religious refugerefuge

New FranceNew France

• France’s colonial empire in North AmericaFrance’s colonial empire in North America• Based around Jacques Cartier’s discovery of Based around Jacques Cartier’s discovery of

MontrealMontreal• Later Samuel de Champlain sailed further up Later Samuel de Champlain sailed further up

the St. Lawrence River and discovered the St. Lawrence River and discovered QuebecQuebec

• 1673 – Priest Jacques Marquette and trader 1673 – Priest Jacques Marquette and trader Louis Joliet explored the Great Lakes and Louis Joliet explored the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi RiverUpper Mississippi River

• LaSalle explored the lower Mississippi – LaSalle explored the lower Mississippi – named it “Louisiana” in honor of French King named it “Louisiana” in honor of French King Louis XIVLouis XIV

English North AmericaEnglish North America

• Jamestown: First permanent English Jamestown: First permanent English settlement in North America – 1607. settlement in North America – 1607. Founded on charter from King James Founded on charter from King James of Englandof England

• Pilgrims: Founded second English Pilgrims: Founded second English colony at Plymouth in Massachusetts colony at Plymouth in Massachusetts – sought religious freedom from – sought religious freedom from Church of England Church of England

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

• Fought over control of the fur trade in Fought over control of the fur trade in North AmericaNorth America

• Part of larger global conflict: Seven Years Part of larger global conflict: Seven Years WarWar

• France vs. Britain (with their Indian allies)France vs. Britain (with their Indian allies)

• Britain wins the war – giving them control Britain wins the war – giving them control of much of eastern North Americaof much of eastern North America

The African Slave tradeThe African Slave trade

• The buying and selling of Africans for work The buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americasin the Americas

• The Triangular Trade exchanged…The Triangular Trade exchanged…– Manufactured goods to Africa in exchange for Manufactured goods to Africa in exchange for

slaves. Slaves were taken to the West Indies slaves. Slaves were taken to the West Indies where merchants bought sugar, coffee and where merchants bought sugar, coffee and tobacco. These products were then sold in tobacco. These products were then sold in EuropeEurope

– Also, it involved rum from New England – sold to Also, it involved rum from New England – sold to Africa – in exchange for slaves – taken to the Africa – in exchange for slaves – taken to the West Indies – sold for sugar and molasses – which West Indies – sold for sugar and molasses – which was taken to New England to make rum.was taken to New England to make rum.

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

Impact of the Slave TradeImpact of the Slave Trade

• Africa – loss of significant population; Africa – loss of significant population; increase in civil war; families torn; increase in civil war; families torn; culture lostculture lost

• Americas – big labor supply; Americas – big labor supply; expertise in farming techniques; expertise in farming techniques; introduction of African culture; mixed introduction of African culture; mixed racesraces

Why were Colonies Why were Colonies important?important?

• Mercantilism in Europe drove nations Mercantilism in Europe drove nations to acquire colonies in order to obtain to acquire colonies in order to obtain wealth.wealth.

• Colonies provided raw materials, Colonies provided raw materials, precious metals, and markets for precious metals, and markets for European goodsEuropean goods

• This leads to a “favorable balance of This leads to a “favorable balance of trade” for nations who have coloniestrade” for nations who have colonies

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

• The global transfer of foods, plants, The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals (and diseases) during and animals (and diseases) during colonizationcolonization

The Social Hierarchy in New The Social Hierarchy in New SpainSpain

• Race-based hierarchyRace-based hierarchy

• Top: Top: peninsularespeninsulares, i.e. migrants from , i.e. migrants from Iberian peninsulaIberian peninsula

• Criollos Criollos (creoles), i.e. children of (creoles), i.e. children of migrantsmigrants

• Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other combinations of parentagecombinations of parentage

• Bottom: slaves, conquered peoplesBottom: slaves, conquered peoples

North American SocietiesNorth American Societies

• Higher ratio of French, English female Higher ratio of French, English female migrants than in South Americamigrants than in South America

• Higher social stigma attached to Higher social stigma attached to relationships with natives, African relationships with natives, African slavesslaves

• Fur traders have relationships with Fur traders have relationships with North American native womenNorth American native women– Children: Children: métismétis

Manila GalleonsManila Galleons

• Highlights the global Highlights the global economy in the economy in the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

• Spanish ships (big) Spanish ships (big) carry heavy cargo carry heavy cargo between Manila, between Manila, Philippines and Philippines and Acapulco, MexicoAcapulco, Mexico

• Mexican silver Mexican silver traded for Asian traded for Asian luxury goodsluxury goods

Short Answer QuestionsShort Answer Questions

• 1. How did exploration and exchanges of the 16th and 17th centuries help lead to the creation of new social classes in the Americas? Be sure to cite and explain the new social classes.

• 2. What were the major differences between Native-European interactions North America vs. Native-European interactions in Middle and South America? What accounted for these differences?

• 3. How was the global economy impacted by New World discoveries in the 16th and 17th centuries? Cite at least three examples of how the world economic order changed as a result of new discoveries.

• 4. Describe the demographic and environmental effects of interaction. Use specific examples to detail what changes took place and why they occurred.