Chapter 26 The New Power Chapter 26 The New Power BalanceBalance

Warm UpWarm Up1.1. Leader of the Zulu kingdom that will Leader of the Zulu kingdom that will

dominate Africa until the Europeans arrivedominate Africa until the Europeans arrive

2.2. Why is there a renewed interest in Egypt?Why is there a renewed interest in Egypt?

3.3. Why does Livingstone explore Africa?Why does Livingstone explore Africa?

4.4. Why do the Sepoy rebel?Why do the Sepoy rebel?

5.5. Set up in 1885 in IndiaSet up in 1885 in India

6.6. How does Britain still control India?How does Britain still control India?

7.7. Why does Britain have an interest in South Why does Britain have an interest in South Africa?Africa?

I. New Technologies and the World EconomyI. New Technologies and the World Economy– A. RailroadsA. Railroads– 1850 railroads were a success in Britain, 1850 railroads were a success in Britain,

France, Germany, Canada, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Russia, Japan, and the USand the US

– Non industrialized nations: built railroads Non industrialized nations: built railroads for government and business usefor government and business use

– Railroads opened new land to agriculture, Railroads opened new land to agriculture, mining, and other natural resourcesmining, and other natural resources

– B. Steamships and Telegraph CablesB. Steamships and Telegraph Cables– Iron and steel now used for hulls, Iron and steel now used for hulls,

propellers, and enginespropellers, and engines– Impact: iron and steel shipbuilding made it Impact: iron and steel shipbuilding made it

possible to increase average size and possible to increase average size and speed of oceangoing vesselsspeed of oceangoing vessels

– Telegraph cables were now put underwater Telegraph cables were now put underwater to coordinate movements of shipsto coordinate movements of ships

– C. Steel and Chemical IndustriesC. Steel and Chemical Industries– Steel is a form of iron and is both hard and Steel is a form of iron and is both hard and

elasticelastic– Before the ind rev only small groups of Before the ind rev only small groups of

specialized workers could make steelspecialized workers could make steel– Now steel can be mass produced cheaplyNow steel can be mass produced cheaply– 1866 Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel found a 1866 Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel found a

way to turn nitroglycerin into a stable solid way to turn nitroglycerin into a stable solid form—dynamiteform—dynamite

– Dynamite can now be used in mining, military, Dynamite can now be used in mining, military, and construction of railroads and canalsand construction of railroads and canals

– (Nobel Prizes?)(Nobel Prizes?)

– D. ElectricityD. Electricity– By the 1870s By the 1870s

cities could now cities could now be powered by be powered by electricityelectricity

– Electricity Electricity created a huge created a huge demand for demand for coppercopper

– Electric Electric streetcars, streetcars, subways, and subways, and electric motorselectric motors

– E. World Trade and FinanceE. World Trade and Finance– By 1913 shipping costs were cut in half. By 1913 shipping costs were cut in half. – Now people could ship cheap, heavy Now people could ship cheap, heavy

products like grain, raw materials, and products like grain, raw materials, and machinerymachinery

II. Social ChangesII. Social Changes– A. Urbanization and Urban EnvironmentsA. Urbanization and Urban Environments– By 1914 80% of British people lived in the By 1914 80% of British people lived in the

citiescities– Railroads allowed people to live further Railroads allowed people to live further

apart and rely on a predictable scheduleapart and rely on a predictable schedule– Governments now provided: police, fire, Governments now provided: police, fire,

schooling, building and health inspectors, schooling, building and health inspectors, garbage removal and parksgarbage removal and parks

– Coal was main fuel and worsened air qualityCoal was main fuel and worsened air quality– Coal produced fog and coated things with Coal produced fog and coated things with

filth and dirtfilth and dirt– Horse drawn carts are replaced by street Horse drawn carts are replaced by street

cars and automobilescars and automobiles– Horses no longer have to be cared for and Horses no longer have to be cared for and

electricity does not create wasteelectricity does not create waste

– C. Middle Class Women’s “Separate C. Middle Class Women’s “Separate Sphere” Sphere”

– Victorian Age: (1837-1901) rules of Victorian Age: (1837-1901) rules of behavior and ideology surrounding behavior and ideology surrounding relations between men and women. Men relations between men and women. Men and women were thought to belong to and women were thought to belong to “separate spheres” “separate spheres”

– Men are seen in the workplaceMen are seen in the workplace– Women are expected to be at homeWomen are expected to be at home– Middle class women were expected to Middle class women were expected to

raise the childrenraise the children– Society frowned on working middle class Society frowned on working middle class

women; only allowed to be teachers women; only allowed to be teachers

– D. Working Class WomenD. Working Class Women– Domestic servants facing long hours and Domestic servants facing long hours and

abuse from mastersabuse from masters– Married women were expected to be at Married women were expected to be at

home raising the childrenhome raising the children– Married women could contribute to the Married women could contribute to the

family income by taking in boarders, family income by taking in boarders, sewing, or washing other people’s clothessewing, or washing other people’s clothes

– Pg. 747 men and women’s dutyPg. 747 men and women’s duty– Young women worked in factories with Young women worked in factories with

poor pay in the textiles and clothing tradespoor pay in the textiles and clothing trades

III. Socialism and Labor MovementsIII. Socialism and Labor Movements– A. Marx and SocialismA. Marx and Socialism

Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto in Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto in 18481848

History is clashes between social classesHistory is clashes between social classes Hated capitalism and against private Hated capitalism and against private

propertyproperty He believed that all of world history was a He believed that all of world history was a

“history of class struggles”“history of class struggles” Marx’s society: Wanted a classless society Marx’s society: Wanted a classless society

in which gov’t would no longer be needed in which gov’t would no longer be needed and capitalism would collapseand capitalism would collapse

– B. Labor MovementsB. Labor Movements– Unions brought better wages, improved Unions brought better wages, improved

working conditions, and insuranceworking conditions, and insurance– 19th century all male received right to 19th century all male received right to

vote; women were not welcomedvote; women were not welcomed

IV. Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, IV. Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, Germany, and JapanGermany, and Japan

– A. Language and National Identity in A. Language and National Identity in EuropeEurope

– Public education, universal military Public education, universal military service, and colonial conquests brought service, and colonial conquests brought about nationalismabout nationalism

– B. The Unification of ItalyB. The Unification of Italy– Victor Emmanuel headed the unification Victor Emmanuel headed the unification

of Italy in 1860of Italy in 1860

– C. The Unification of GermanyC. The Unification of Germany– Otto von Bismark unifies Germany through Otto von Bismark unifies Germany through

the Franco-Prussian Warthe Franco-Prussian War– Bismarck works to keep Germany from Bismarck works to keep Germany from

becoming a democracybecoming a democracy– Bismarck viewed France as a threat and his Bismarck viewed France as a threat and his

greatest fear was that France and Russia greatest fear was that France and Russia would form a military alliancewould form a military alliance

– Made alliances with Austria-Hungary, Made alliances with Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy to protect against this, was Russia, and Italy to protect against this, was also on good terms with Great Britainalso on good terms with Great Britain

– Emperor Wilhelm II comes to power in 1888Emperor Wilhelm II comes to power in 1888

– D. The West Challenges JapanD. The West Challenges Japan– Japanese foreign policy: Japanese foreign policy: – The Tokugawa shogunate had driven out all The Tokugawa shogunate had driven out all

foreign traders and missionaries, isolating the foreign traders and missionaries, isolating the nation from almost all contact with the nation from almost all contact with the outside worldoutside world

– Maintain relations with Korea and informal Maintain relations with Korea and informal trading with the Dutch at Nagasakitrading with the Dutch at Nagasaki

– Foreign ships are driven away and Foreign ships are driven away and shipwrecked sailors are cagedshipwrecked sailors are caged

– The Western powers see Japanese isolation The Western powers see Japanese isolation as a challengeas a challenge

– Want to open up Japan for tradeWant to open up Japan for trade

– The first to succeed is the United StatesThe first to succeed is the United States– 1853 an American fleet of four warships under 1853 an American fleet of four warships under

the leadership of Commodore Matthew Perry the leadership of Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Tokyo Bayarrives in Tokyo Bay

– Perry brings a letter from President FillmorePerry brings a letter from President Fillmore Asks for better treatment of sailors Asks for better treatment of sailors

shipwrecked on the Japanese islandsshipwrecked on the Japanese islands– Perry returns a few months later with a larger Perry returns a few months later with a larger

fleet for Japan’s answerfleet for Japan’s answer

– Shogunate officials were undecided, but the Shogunate officials were undecided, but the gun power of Commodore Perry’s ships finally gun power of Commodore Perry’s ships finally decides the answerdecides the answer

– Japan agrees to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa Japan agrees to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa under military pressureunder military pressure

– Provides the return of shipwrecked sailorsProvides the return of shipwrecked sailors– Opens ports to Western traders and Opens ports to Western traders and

establishes a U.S. consulate in Japanestablishes a U.S. consulate in Japan– Also establishes extraterritoriality for Also establishes extraterritoriality for

Westerners in JapanWesterners in Japan

Japanese Play

The Meji Restoration and Modernization of The Meji Restoration and Modernization of JapanJapan

– The decision to open relations is highly The decision to open relations is highly unpopular and many Japanese found the unpopular and many Japanese found the treaties deeply humiliatingtreaties deeply humiliating

– Angry over Westerners committing crimes Angry over Westerners committing crimes and receiving mild to no punishments and receiving mild to no punishments (extraterritoriality)(extraterritoriality)

– Gave rise to Japanese nationalismGave rise to Japanese nationalism

– Many Japanese people resented the way the Many Japanese people resented the way the shogun gave in to Western demands shogun gave in to Western demands

– They demand that the shogun resign They demand that the shogun resign Attack the shogun’s palace in 1868Attack the shogun’s palace in 1868

– Ends the military control of the Japanese Ends the military control of the Japanese gov’tgov’t

– Proclaim the authority of the emperor has Proclaim the authority of the emperor has been restoredbeen restored

– E. The Meiji Restoration and the E. The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of JapanModernization of Japan

– Young emperor Mutsuhito takes back power Young emperor Mutsuhito takes back power of the gov’t in 1868, ending the shogunate of the gov’t in 1868, ending the shogunate systemsystem

– He takes the name Emperor Meiji, He takes the name Emperor Meiji, enlightened rulerenlightened ruler

– The emperor realizes that Japan must The emperor realizes that Japan must change to survive change to survive

– Embarks on a policy of reform to turn Japan Embarks on a policy of reform to turn Japan into a modern industrial nationinto a modern industrial nation

The Rulers Set the Tone The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dresswith Western Dress

The Rulers Set the Tone The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dresswith Western Dress

Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko (1868- 1912) (1868- 1912)

– Meiji Reforms: Meiji Reforms: – A group of Japanese officials made a two year A group of Japanese officials made a two year

journey, traveling to the U.S. and Europe journey, traveling to the U.S. and Europe – Wanted to learn about Western society, Wanted to learn about Western society,

military practices, and economicsmilitary practices, and economics– Gives subsidies to industries starting offGives subsidies to industries starting off

Gov’t encourages the development of new Gov’t encourages the development of new industries by providing business people industries by providing business people with money and privilegeswith money and privileges

– Set up a postal service and established a Set up a postal service and established a national currencynational currency

Required all children to attend school and Required all children to attend school and allowed some students to study abroadallowed some students to study abroad

Need modern forces to compete with the Need modern forces to compete with the Western powersWestern powers– Compulsory military service – all men serve Compulsory military service – all men serve

for three yearsfor three years– Gain modern weapons and hire American and Gain modern weapons and hire American and

European experts to train the new modernized European experts to train the new modernized armyarmy

– Adopt Western military practices Adopt Western military practices

– F. Nationalism and Social DarwinismF. Nationalism and Social Darwinism– Survival of the fittest now applies to Survival of the fittest now applies to

nations—Social Darwinismnations—Social Darwinism– The best nation (race) winsThe best nation (race) wins– If you are able to conquer people, then you If you are able to conquer people, then you

should be able to, survival of the fittest should be able to, survival of the fittest also applies to nationsalso applies to nations

– Europeans are superior to other peoplesEuropeans are superior to other peoples– ““the path of progress is strewn with the the path of progress is strewn with the

wrecks of nations; traces are everywhere wrecks of nations; traces are everywhere to be seen of the slaughtered remains of to be seen of the slaughtered remains of inferior races”inferior races”

V. Great Powers of Europe—Germany, France, V. Great Powers of Europe—Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria HungaryGreat Britain, Russia, and Austria Hungary

– A. Germany A. Germany – Germany formed coalition with Austria Germany formed coalition with Austria

Hungary and RussiaHungary and Russia– Wilhelm II dismissed Bismark and looked for Wilhelm II dismissed Bismark and looked for

coloniescolonies– B. Russia and Austria-HungaryB. Russia and Austria-Hungary– Austria Hungary separated from Russia to Austria Hungary separated from Russia to

form independent nationform independent nation– Russian economy was controlled by the state; Russian economy was controlled by the state;

middle class did not benefit from industrialismmiddle class did not benefit from industrialism– Tsar Nicolas introduced the Duma with a Tsar Nicolas introduced the Duma with a

constitution and a parliamentconstitution and a parliament

VI. China, Japan, and the Western PowersVI. China, Japan, and the Western Powers– A. China in TurmoilA. China in Turmoil– China is hurt by Taiping Rebellion and China is hurt by Taiping Rebellion and

being taken advantage of in trade by being taken advantage of in trade by EuropeansEuropeans

– B. Japan Confronts ChinaB. Japan Confronts China– Japan helped China put down the Boxer Japan helped China put down the Boxer

RebellionRebellion

– Boxer Rebellion: Boxer Rebellion: – One group was called the Boxers = popular One group was called the Boxers = popular

name given to members of a secret name given to members of a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious organization called the Society of Harmonious FistsFists

– They were upset by the foreign takeover of They were upset by the foreign takeover of their countrytheir country

– Especially disliked foreign missionaries and Especially disliked foreign missionaries and Chinese converts – saw them as threats to Chinese converts – saw them as threats to Chinese traditionsChinese traditions

– Beginning of 1900, Boxers killed missionaries Beginning of 1900, Boxers killed missionaries and converts, along with foreign businessmenand converts, along with foreign businessmen

– Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and the U.S. attack Beijingthe U.S. attack Beijing

– They end the rebellion and restore orderThey end the rebellion and restore order– Left the gov’t even weakerLeft the gov’t even weaker– In the end, internal problems and the European In the end, internal problems and the European

advance into China proved to be the undoing of advance into China proved to be the undoing of the Qingthe Qing

Foreign Troops in ChinaForeign Troops in China

– Russo-Japanese War—Japan defeats Russo-Japanese War—Japan defeats RussiaRussia

– War with Russia caused by competition War with Russia caused by competition over influence in Manchuria and Koreaover influence in Manchuria and Korea

– Japanese forces move into Manchuria and Japanese forces move into Manchuria and defeat Russian troops theredefeat Russian troops there

– Japan conquered Manchuria and Korea Japan conquered Manchuria and Korea making it an imperial powermaking it an imperial power

Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?

Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened

The Japanese Became The Japanese Became ObsessedObsessed

with Western Styleswith Western Styles

The Japanese Became The Japanese Became ObsessedObsessed

with Western Styleswith Western Styles

Civilization and Enlightenment!Civilization and Enlightenment!

Everything Western Was Everything Western Was Fashionable!Fashionable!

Everything Western Was Everything Western Was Fashionable!Fashionable!

Everything Western Was Everything Western Was Fashionable!Fashionable!

Everything Western Was Everything Western Was Fashionable!Fashionable!

Japanese soldiers with their wives.