chapter 3 carbon compounds in cells. organic compounds contain carbon and one or more additional...
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Chapter 3Chapter 3
Carbon Compounds in CellsCarbon Compounds in Cells
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Contain Contain carboncarbon and one or more and one or more additional elements additional elements
ONLY living things can ONLY living things can synthesize organic compoundssynthesize organic compounds
Carbon BondingCarbon Bonding C, H, O & N are the most abundant C, H, O & N are the most abundant elements in living thingselements in living things
Most of the H & O are linked as Most of the H & O are linked as waterwater
How many covalent bonds can carbon How many covalent bonds can carbon form? form?
Helps form hydrocarbon backbone of Helps form hydrocarbon backbone of organic moleculesorganic molecules
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
Atoms or groups of atoms that are Atoms or groups of atoms that are bonded to the carbon backbonebonded to the carbon backbone
Give distinct properties such as Give distinct properties such as solubility and chemical reactivity solubility and chemical reactivity to the entire moleculeto the entire molecule
CD ROM 1-2CD ROM 1-2
MonomersMonomers PolymersPolymers
Small moleculesSmall molecules Building blocks Building blocks joined to make joined to make polymerspolymers
Amino acidsAmino acids Fatty acidsFatty acids MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides NucleotidesNucleotides
Large moleculesLarge molecules Can be broken Can be broken down to form down to form monomersmonomers
ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids CarbohydrateCarbohydrate Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
CondensationCondensation Hydrolysis Hydrolysis
Joins two Joins two moleculesmolecules
One molecule One molecule loses a H+; the loses a H+; the other a OH- to other a OH- to form waterform water
Catalyzed by Catalyzed by enzymesenzymes
One molecule is One molecule is split into twosplit into two
The H+ and OH- The H+ and OH- from water are from water are used to split the used to split the moleculemolecule
Catalyzed by Catalyzed by enzymesenzymes
CD ROM 1-4CD ROM 1-4
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides = simplest sugar molecule = simplest sugar molecule Soluble in water, sweet to tasteSoluble in water, sweet to taste Look for –OH groups in the structural formulaLook for –OH groups in the structural formula
ExamplesExamples Glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyriboseGlucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose
DissacharidesDissacharides Two monosaccharides sugars joined by Two monosaccharides sugars joined by what type of reaction?what type of reaction?
CONDENSATION!!!!CONDENSATION!!!! Examples:Examples: SucroseSucrose MaltoseMaltose
CD ROM 2-2CD ROM 2-2
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides Large molecules made of many Large molecules made of many monosaccharides joined by what reaction?monosaccharides joined by what reaction?
CONDENSATION!!!CONDENSATION!!! Can be broken down to release energy by Can be broken down to release energy by what reaction?what reaction?
HYDROLYSIS!!!HYDROLYSIS!!! Examples:Examples:
StarchStarch = plant storage form of energy = plant storage form of energy CDROM CDROM 2-32-3
CelluloseCellulose = fiber-like structure found in plant = fiber-like structure found in plant cell wallscell walls
GlycogenGlycogen = animal storage form of energy = animal storage form of energy ChitinChitin = structural; found in exoskeletons and = structural; found in exoskeletons and fungal cell wallsfungal cell walls
LipidsLipids A.K.A. FatsA.K.A. Fats Greasy, oily with little tendency Greasy, oily with little tendency to dissolve in water – They’re to dissolve in water – They’re hydro------hydro------
Functions of LipidsFunctions of Lipids Energy storageEnergy storage Form membranesForm membranes Form coatingsForm coatings InsulationInsulation Used as hormonesUsed as hormones
The “Building Blocks” The “Building Blocks” of Lipidsof Lipids
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids – long hydrocarbon chain – long hydrocarbon chain with a COOH group at one endwith a COOH group at one end UnsaturatedUnsaturated fats (oils) are liquid @ room fats (oils) are liquid @ room temp. Why?temp. Why?
Double bonds between the carbons cause “kinks” Double bonds between the carbons cause “kinks” in the fatty acid tails and gives them a in the fatty acid tails and gives them a little wiggle roomlittle wiggle room
SaturatedSaturated Fats are solid @ room temp. Why? Fats are solid @ room temp. Why? Single bonds between the carbons make the Single bonds between the carbons make the tails straighttails straight
CD ROM 3-1CD ROM 3-1
How do we build lipids?How do we build lipids? Add one, two or three fatty Add one, two or three fatty acid tails to a glycerol acid tails to a glycerol (alcohol) molecule by what type (alcohol) molecule by what type of reaction?of reaction?
CONDENSATION!!!!!CONDENSATION!!!!!
CD ROM 3-2CD ROM 3-2
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Two fatty acids + phosphate group + Two fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerolglycerol
Main structure of the lipid bilayer Main structure of the lipid bilayer in cell membranesin cell membranes
CD ROM 3-3CD ROM 3-3
SterolsSterols
4 Carbon Rings, but NO fatty 4 Carbon Rings, but NO fatty acid tailsacid tails
Cholesterol is an example; can Cholesterol is an example; can be modified to form sex be modified to form sex hormones and vitamin Dhormones and vitamin D
CD ROM 3-4CD ROM 3-4
WaxesWaxes Attachment of long chain fatty Attachment of long chain fatty acids to alcohols or carbon acids to alcohols or carbon ringsrings
Serve as coatings for plant Serve as coatings for plant parts and animal coveringsparts and animal coverings
ProteinsProteins
FunctionsFunctions EnzymesEnzymes Structural material (muscle, Structural material (muscle, bones ,etc.)bones ,etc.)
HormonesHormones AntibodiesAntibodies Cell movement (muscle cell Cell movement (muscle cell contraction, etc.)contraction, etc.)
Storage and transport agentsStorage and transport agents
Amino Acid structureAmino Acid structure The “Building Blocks” of proteinsThe “Building Blocks” of proteins Monomers that are made of a Monomers that are made of a central carbon atom, an amino central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen and one of twenty R hydrogen and one of twenty R groupsgroups
CD ROM 4-1CD ROM 4-1
Polypeptide ChainsPolypeptide Chains PrimaryPrimary structure is the order of the structure is the order of the amino acids linked together by peptide amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chainsbonds to form polypeptide chains
What reaction links one amino acid to What reaction links one amino acid to another?another?
There are 20 different amino acidsThere are 20 different amino acids CD ROM 4-2CD ROM 4-2 How do amino acids differ from one How do amino acids differ from one another?another?
What ultimately determines the order What ultimately determines the order of the amino acids?of the amino acids? DNA!!DNA!!
A Protein’s Final ShapeA Protein’s Final Shape Remember: Structure determines Remember: Structure determines function!!function!!
Secondary structure (coil or sheet) is Secondary structure (coil or sheet) is determined by hydrogen bonding of side determined by hydrogen bonding of side groups on the amino acid chainsgroups on the amino acid chains
Tertiary structure is the folding Tertiary structure is the folding caused by R group interactions on the caused by R group interactions on the polypeptide chainpolypeptide chain
CD ROM 5-1CD ROM 5-1 Quaternary structure is the final 3-D Quaternary structure is the final 3-D shape that results when two or more shape that results when two or more polypeptide chains fold togetherpolypeptide chains fold together
CD ROM 5-2CD ROM 5-2
Denatured ProteinsDenatured Proteins
Loses it’s structure, therefore it Loses it’s structure, therefore it loses it’s --------loses it’s --------
Happens because weak H-bonds are Happens because weak H-bonds are brokenbroken High TemperaturesHigh Temperatures pH changepH change NOT reversibleNOT reversible
Mistakes in protein Mistakes in protein structurestructure
If DNA is altered, the wrong amino acid If DNA is altered, the wrong amino acid may inserted in the polypeptide chainmay inserted in the polypeptide chain
In Sickle Cell Anemia, valine is In Sickle Cell Anemia, valine is substituted for glutamate in the protein substituted for glutamate in the protein hemoglobinhemoglobin
CD ROM 5-3CD ROM 5-3 If a person inherits two mutated genes, If a person inherits two mutated genes, the hemoglobin doesn’t have the correct the hemoglobin doesn’t have the correct shape and forms sickle shaped blood cellsshape and forms sickle shaped blood cells
CD ROM 5-4CD ROM 5-4
NucleotidesNucleotides Nucleotides are the “building Nucleotides are the “building blocks” of nucleic acidsblocks” of nucleic acids
Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + basebase
Examples: Examples: ATP (energy carrier) CD ROM 6-1ATP (energy carrier) CD ROM 6-1 NAD+ and FAD (electron carriers) CD NAD+ and FAD (electron carriers) CD ROM 6-2ROM 6-2
Kinds used to build DNA/RNAKinds used to build DNA/RNA
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Four different kinds of nucleotides are Four different kinds of nucleotides are connected together connected together
What reaction joins nucleotides together?What reaction joins nucleotides together? Examples:Examples:
DNADNA = double stranded; contains hereditary = double stranded; contains hereditary instructions CD ROM 6-3instructions CD ROM 6-3
RNARNA = single stranded; functions in = single stranded; functions in translating the code to build proteins CD translating the code to build proteins CD ROM 6-4ROM 6-4
End of Chapter 3End of Chapter 3