Chapter 3 – Development:Chapter 3 – Development:Chapter 3 – Development:Chapter 3 – Development:

PHYSICAL,PERCEPTIAL AND LANGUAGE PHYSICAL,PERCEPTIAL AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 3:1 AND 3:2CHAPTER 3:1 AND 3:2

Infancy and ChildhoodInfancy and Childhood

What is developmental

psychology?

The study of changes that occur as an individual matures.

Nature vs. Nature vs. NurtureNurture

What makes us who we are?What makes us who we are?

Genes or environment?Genes or environment?

Brainstorm with neighborBrainstorm with neighbor

NATURE NATURE

biological dispositions that biological dispositions that we’re born with (genes)we’re born with (genes)

NURTURE

our surroundings, upbringing, social influences

Example: Rats in a deprived environment had less brain development.

“How do the brain andmotor skills develop during

infancy and childhood?”

NEWBORNSREFLEXES- inherited automatic responses.

Grasping reflex-an infants response to touch on palm of hand.

Rooting reflex- if an infant is near the mouth he will move his head and mouth toward the source of the touch.

Hence..breast feeding and the sucking motion.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

– In the womb neural cells develop one-quarter million per minute.

– When born you have most of the brain cells you will ever have.

– Ages 3 to 6 most rapid growth is in the frontal lobes (rational planning).

– Areas linked with thinking, memory, and language are the last to develop.

– Severe deprivation and abuse can retard development.

– Maturation sets the basic course of development and experience adjusts it.

MATURATION

the internally programmed growth of a child

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT– The sequence of physical (motor) development

is universal.Babies roll over, sit unsupported, creep on all

fours, and then walk; these developmental milestones are the same around the world.

Blind children do too.– Genes play a major role in motor development.

Identical twins typically begin sitting up and walking on nearly the same day.

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

The rapidly developing cerebellum creates our readiness to learn walking around age 1.

The “wonderchild” began walking at 9 months.. I wonder what happened since then…

INFANT MEMORYCan you recall your first day of preschool or

your third birthday party?– Earliest memories seldom predate our third

birthdays.– Babies only 3 months old can learn to move a

mobile by kicking it and can retain that learning for a month.

– What the conscious mind does not know and cannot express in words, the nervous system

somehow remembers.

NEURAL DEVELOPMENT

PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

Besides grasping and sucking newborns

have mature perception skills.

Perception- recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli based chiefly on memory.

Hmmm is that possible?

LANGUAGE DEVELPOMENT

1. any set or system of such symbols as used in a more or less uniform fashion by a number of people, who are thus enabled to communicate intelligibly with one another.

2. any system of formalized symbols, signs, sounds, gestures, or the like used or conceived as a means of communicating thought, emotion, etc.:

LANGUAGE AQUISITION

How do we acquire language?Is there a window for this learning?Why is it harder for adults as

opposed to kids??Telegraphic speech-

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

His interest in cognitive development began in 1920 while developing questions for intelligence tests.

REVIEW- COGNITION all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Core idea: “Children are active thinkers, constantly

trying to construct more advanced understandings.”

CH 3:2 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

PIAGET proposed that a child’s mind develops through a series of stages.

– The driving force between our intellectual progression is our unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences.

COMPLETE G.O. ON PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE

DEVELOPMENT

PP. 75YOUR OWN WORDS

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Typical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental Phenomena

Birth to nearly 2 years Sensor motorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping

• Object permanence• Stranger anxiety•Schema/ball does not exist

2 to about 6 or 7 years PreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning

• Pretend play• Egocentrism• Schema/exist when I do not see it. If I flatten the ball it has less clay.

About 7 to 11 years Concrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

• Conversation• Mathematical transformations• Schema/flatten ball it has same mass

About 12 through adulthood

Formal operationalAbstract reasoning

• Abstract logic• Potential for mature moral reasoning

Schema/cut ball 2 balls w/same amount of clay

HOW KNOWING CHANGESHow do we make sense of the world?

How do we make sense of random unrelated events to understand them?

How to we understand anything?FIRST WE…

PIAGET• SensorimotorSensorimotor – touching, tasting, moving – touching, tasting, moving• Pre-Operational –Pre-Operational – pretend play, object pretend play, object

permanence (knowing an object continues permanence (knowing an object continues to exist even when out of sight)to exist even when out of sight)

• Concrete Operational –Concrete Operational – understand understand conservation (quantity does not change conservation (quantity does not change despite changes in shape), mathdespite changes in shape), math

• Formal Operational –Formal Operational – abstract thinking, abstract thinking, hypothetical situations, moral reasoninghypothetical situations, moral reasoning

CREATE schema’s…Schema: a concept or framework

that organizes and interprets information. By adulthood we have built countless schemas, ranging from cats and dogs to our concept of love.

Then we try to understand new objects by using one of our preexisting schemas..

HOW??? Through..Assimilation: interpreting one’s new

experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.

Accommodation: adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. We change OUR schema to fit and adapt to the NEW situation

Cognitive Development

Impossible Objects

– Infants are smarter than Piaget appreciated.– Before reaching the concrete operational

stage, children have trouble with conservation.

Conservation: the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and numbers remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Piaget’s Cognitive Development

Theory of the mind: people’ have ideas about their own and other’s mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and behaviors

Between 3 to 4 years old, children come to realize that others may hold false beliefs. Children with autism have an impaired ability to infer other’s states of mind.

Piaget’s Cognitive Development

Autism: a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other’s states of mind.

E.Q. “How do the bonds of attachment form between caregivers and infants?”

Stranger Anxiety: A babies ability to evaluate people as unfamiliar and possibly threatening helps protect babies 8 months and older.

– Children have schemas for familiar faces; when they cannot assimilate the new face into these remembered schema, they become distressed.

Social Development/Emotional

Development

The attachment bond is a powerful survival impulse that keeps infants close to their parents/caregivers.

1. Contact is one key to attachment.

Origins of Attachment

– At 12 months, many infants cling tightly to a parent when they are frightened or expect separation.

2. Familiarity is another key to attachment.Attachments based on familiarity

formed during a critical period-(LORENZ) an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper

development.

– For some animals attachment happens with the first moving object they see. This rigid attachment process is called imprinting.

MEET CHIRPIN CHARLIEAND

LA QUISHA

– Once formed this attachment is difficult to reverse.

– Children do not imprint.– Children do become attached to what

they’ve known.– Mere exposure fosters fondness– Familiarity is a safety signal.– Familiarity breeds contentment

What accounts for children’s attachment differences?

Is attachment style the result of parenting or is it influenced genetically?

– A father’s love and acceptance have been comparable to a mother’s love in predicting offspring’s health and well-being.

– Anxiety over separation from parents peaks at around 13 months, then gradually declines.

– Individuals are often withdrawn, freighted, even speechless.

– If institutionalized more than 8 months, individuals often bear lasting emotional scars.

– Harlow’s Monkeys: females often were neglectful, abusive, and even murderous.

– The unloved often become the unloving.– Most abusive parents – and many condemned

murders report having been neglected or battered as children.

Deprivation of Attachment

Attachment Differences

– Erik Erikson (1902 -1994) – Developmental psychologist“Out of the conflict between trust

and mistrust, the infant develops hope, which is the earliest form of what gradually becomes faith in adults.”

– Securely attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust.

– Basic trust: a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

– Basic trust is attributed to early parenting.– Infants blessed with sensitive, loving

caregivers form a lifelong attitude of trust rather than fear.

Attachment and Erik Erikson

Attachment and Erik EriksonAttachment

Affects our adult styles of romantic love: secure, trusting attachment, anxious attachment, or avoidance of attachment.

– Early attachments form the foundation for our adult relationships.

“What is learned in the cradle, lasts to the grave.” ~ French proverb

AINSWORTH STUDY –AINSWORTH STUDY –3 types of attachment3 types of attachment

–Secure:Secure: a healthy bond with a healthy bond with caregiverscaregivers

–Ambivalent:Ambivalent: child is unsure, lacks child is unsure, lacks trust in caregiverstrust in caregivers

–Avoidant:Avoidant: child is child is insecureinsecure and and distant, caused by neglect distant, caused by neglect (ignoring the baby’s cries of (ignoring the baby’s cries of distress)distress)

PARENTING

Are LIMITS important?

WHY?

Parenting StylesResearchers have identified three parenting

styles:1. Authoritarian: parents impose rules and

expect obedience.2. Permissive: parents submit to their

children’s desires, make few demands, and use little punishment.

3. Authoritative: parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons for choices.

– Children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence usually have warm, concerned, authoritative parents.

– Children with authoritarian parents tend to have less social skill and self-esteem..

Child-Rearing Practices cont.

– Children with permissive parents tend to be more aggressive and immature.

When is a parenting style abuse?

– Most abused children do not later become violent criminals or abusive parents.

– Most children growing up under adversity are resilient and become normal adults.

– 30% of those abused do become abusers – four times the U.S. national rate of child abuse.

– Extreme childhood trauma can leave footprints on the brain.

– Show changes in the brain chemical serotonin which calms aggressive impulse

.

– Children terrorized by abuse or war suffer other lasting wounds = nightmares, depression.

– In the teens years there are troubles with substance abuse, binge eating, or aggression.

– Child sexual abuse, if severe and prolonged, increases the risk for health

problems, psychological disorders, substance

abuse, and criminality.

SUMMARY OF PARENTING

1. Effective parenting sets limits for the child in an atmosphere of love and acceptance.

2. The limits change and lessen as the child grows older and becomes a part of the decision making process of the family.

3. The child learns to assume responsibility gradually, to exercise judgment in appropriate situations, and to identify with parents as role models.

4. Effective parenting helps a child become independent, confident, cooperative, and responsible.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 3:3

SOCIALIZATION-Process of learning the rules of a culture in

which an individual is born and will live.Its more than just the rules..

its what is meaningful, valuable, beautiful, worth fighting for, it’s knowing the value of a work ethic, ect, ect.

it’s about acquiring an identity and learning to live with others.

Sigmund Freud Freud’s Psychosexual Development

Erik Erikson Theory of Psychosocial Development

Lawrence Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development

Freud• Freud's definition of SEX is :

 "Any process that involves the build up of tension, followed by some action or event that releases that tension"    So: Freud is discussing our focus on the tension created in each stage & the process to reduce it….

Freud's Theory• We do what we do because of our

childhood experiences related to our sexual drive. We go through five stages with different areas of our body being the focus in each stage.

• Personality disorders are due to being “stuck” in a certain stage

1. Oral Stage, 0-1.5Erogenous Zone: Mouth of, relating to, or the arousing of

sexual feelings • Gratifying Activities: nursing, sucking,

gumming, biting & swallowing• nursing represents love.• Controlled by id.• Symptoms of Oral Fixation: smoking,

nail biting, overeating, chewing

Anal Stage, 1.5-3Erogenous Zone: Anus• Gratifying Activities: Potty Training• Can be good/bad experience depending

on parents.• Anal Personality: sloppy, reckless,

defiant• Anal Retentive Personality: obsessively

clean & intolerant of those who aren’t.

3. Phallic Stage, 4-5Erogenous Zone: Genitals• Gratifying Activities: Fondling• Most challenging stage• Oedipus Complex - castration anxiety• Electra Complex - penis envy• Fixation for men: anxiety about sex,

narcissistic personality• Fixation for women: no certainty of

acceptance

LATENCY STAGE 6 TO PUBERTY

• Erogenous Zone: None• Sexual feelings are suppressed• School, activities

GENITAL STAGEPUBERTY TO ADULTHOODErogenous Zone: genital• Gratifying activities: masturbation

& heterosexual relationships• Pursuit of relationships• No fixations. Problems at this

stage were caused by issues in earlier stages.

ERIKSON• Infants and children must develop Infants and children must develop

trust, autonomy, initiative, and trust, autonomy, initiative, and competence in order to become competence in order to become healthy adults/healthy adults/

• Erikson believes Erikson believes SOCIAL SOCIAL APPROVALAPPROVAL is a key component of is a key component of developmentdevelopment

LEARNING THEORIESFreud and Erikson stress the emotional

dynamics of social development. Both believe learning the social rules is

different from learning to ride a bike. Others disagree.

They believe children learn the social rules through rewards by CONFORMING to please adults in hopes of gaining rewards. In short:

CONDITIONING. Hmmmm.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH

Role Taking/Play.. Important?

Wearing different hats teaches children to know what is expected when they assume/take on that role.

IMPORTANCE OF PLAYAND ROLE TAKING

1. Games allow children to try on different roles

2. Taking on the roles of adults by acting accordingly helps them understand the rules of the game…so to speak

3. Games teach us how to make up rules4. Games teach us to work and negotiate with

others in the group, 5. Games teach us how to gain acceptance

from the group6. Games teach us to to see different points of

view.

MORAL DEVELOPEMENTHeinz steals the drug…