chapter 3 drafting a paper. the short essay essays have three parts introduction body conclusion
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 3
Drafting a Paper
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The Short Essay
Essays have three partsIntroductionBodyConclusion
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Thesis Statement What the essay is about
Look at example on page 44
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Paragraph Length
No set amount of sentences per paragraphUse short paragraphs to isolate a point;
therefore, stressing itType written page with four or more
paragraphs need rewrittenVary paragraph length
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Paragraphs as miniature essays
Topic Sentence => thesis statementDeveloping Details => body Closing comment or sentence =>
conclusion
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Paragraph Development
Developmental Paragraph (Important Term)Paragraph with a topic sentence and
developing details
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5 kinds of Paragraph Development
Examples (47)support a generalization with concrete
information
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Illustrations (47-48)
little story, narrative, or anecdote that embodies an idea
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Details (48-49)
component parts that make up the wholeex: individual steps in a procedure
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Reasons
answer the question whyreasons are acceptable and respectable if the
writer basis them on established fact, close observation and experience, or logical analysis
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Mixed Material
Mix of details, reasons, examples, and illustrations
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Paragraph Unity (51)
Unified Paragraph (Important Term)
Every sentence is about the topic sentence
Reread first two paragraphs under paragraph unity
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Paragraph Coherence (51 – 52)
Coherent Paragraph (Important Term) Paragraph in which a clear pattern of thought emerges
Achieve Paragraph coherence in three ways: Appropriate ordering principle Providing transitions from one idea to another
Maintaining a consistent tone
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Ordering Principles
Way to achieve coherence
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Time
You can arrange material according to when it happens
past to presentearly to lateold to new
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Space (Physical Space) [53]
Narrator stands in place and proceeds from a natural or logical order of progression
left to rightbottom to top
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Importance (54)
Ideas arranged in ascending order of importance or value (least to most)
It is human nature to build towards a climax
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Using Transitions (55)
Passing from one subject to another
Symbols, words, phrases can make a smooth passage
Some transitional words: First, next, then, finally
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Consistency of Tone
Tone (Key Rhetorical Analysis Tool)
Tone DefinedThe author’s attitude towards his or her subject and audience
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A Few Examples
FormalPersonalEmotionalJoking
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To Maintain a Consistent Tone
Decide who is speaking => Point of View (116)
Omniscient- outside narrator (3rd Person) knowing everything that is happening
Limited- one character is used. Only know what that character knows, hears, and sees
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First Person- narrator is a character in the writing
Objective or Dramatic- moving like a movie camera recording only what you can see or hear, never delving into anyone’s mind or heart
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Consider whether the statement should be made in the present tense or past, the active or passive voice
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Know what diction to use
Diction (A Very, Very Important Rhetorical Tool)
Word choice and language used (conflagration –vs- fire)
Reread Example on page 56
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Getting Started
IntroductionHave a thesis statementDo not have to write the introduction first
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Ways to start a paper
Allusion: reference to a person, work of art, event, or literature
Only effective if the audience knows itshort narrationstartling question, observation, or line of
dialogue
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definition of a key termstriking contrastdirect statement