CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION

AMERICA EXPANDS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1

● Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party

● While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr

● For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12th Amendment)

3rd President of the U.S. 1800-1808

Election of 1800 “The Revolution of 1800”

Contenders: John Adams/Charles Pinckney (F)

● T. Jefferson/ Aaron Burr (DR)

Winner: Jefferson & Burr (73 electoral votes)

The election results were confusing, the House of Representatives had to decide the victor. Jefferson and Burr were finally declared the winners.

Congress wanted Burr.

Alexander Hamilton persuades them to vote for TJ.

The 12th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1804.

Created separate ballots instead of 2nd place person VP.

1800 Election Results

SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT

▪ Jefferson’s theory of government, known as Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple, limited government was the best for the people

▪ Jefferson decentralized the government, cut costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminated taxes

Jefferson Memorial

JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT

● Before leaving office, John Adams, attempts to “pack” the Federal courts with Federalists Judges

● Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional

● Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the Judicial Act was unconstitutional

● Established principle of Judicial Review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

Key Supreme Court Decisions under John Marshall

●McCulloch v. Maryland●Dartmouth College v. Woodward●Gibbons v. Ogden●Fletcher v. Peck

–Year:–Case was about:–Ruling:–Why significant:

Key Supreme Court Decisions under John Marshall

Year:

McCulloch v.

Maryland

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Gibbons v. Ogden

Fletcher v. Peck

Case was about: Ruling:

Why significant:

1810 Right to enter into contracts, land purchased in Yazoo delta

Georgia violated individual rights

Constitution did not permit states to interfere with contracts

1819 Maryland attempted to tax Bank of United States out of existence

US Bank constitutional; “the power to tax is the power to destroy”

States can not overturn laws passed by Congress

1819 New Hampshire wanted to revise Dartmouth's charter from England

New Hampshire violated Dartmouth's rights

Constitution did not permit states to interfere with contracts

1824 Ogden and NY claimed a monopoly on steamboat service

Gibbons and other steamboats could compete for $$

Federal government regulates interstate commerce

Barbary Wars

Pirates from North Africa had been seizing merchant ships for hundreds of years.

In the past the U.S. payed the yearly tribute of one million dollars.

President Jefferson refused to pay and the Pasha declared war. Other Barbary states declared war as well.

Marines were sent to Tripoli.

Pasha backs down.

10

Vice President Aaron Burr challenged Alexander Hamilton to a duel in 1804

Hamilton and Burr had once been friends, but over the years their relationship deteriorated

Hamilton publicly spoke out against Burr on several occasions

Burr confronted Hamilton and challenged him to a duel

Dueling was illegal in New York, so they crossed the state line into New Jersey early July 11, 1804

Hamilton’s shot missed Burr, while Burr’s landed in Hamilton’s liver and spine

Hamilton died the next day

Alexander Hamilton’s Legacy

●Bank of the United States–Have the Federal Government assume the states'

Revolutionary War debts–Payed off the war debts–Raised money for the new government–had a twenty year charter- till 1811–Created common currency

●Caused the capital to be moved to D.C–Jefferson was the first president to be inaugurated in the

new and lasting capital of Washington, D.C. in 1801

12

It has been estimated that over 10,000 American citizens were impressed into the British Navy.

In 1807, the British warship Leopard, stopped the USS Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.

The Chesapeake was unprepared for action

The Chesapeake was defenseless and was forced to allow the British aboard.

The British took four U.S. sailors and the Chesapeake limped into port.

There were riots and calls for war; but Jefferson, not wanting to drag the U.S. into a European war, decided to put economic pressure on Europe.

Chesapeake Affair

13Leopard firing on the Chesapeake

USS Chesapeake

Embargo Act of 1807

This act outlawed trade with all European nations during the Napoleonic wars.

Jefferson hoped the embargo would force Britain and France to stop interfering with U.S. merchant ships.

Act did stimulate domestic manufacturing.

Act was a disaster because it hurt American businesses more than the Europeans.

Repealed in 1809

Non-Intercourse Act was passed.

Allowed U.S. ships to trade with all nations except Britain and France.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

● By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his dreams of an American Empire

● He needed money to fight European wars, so he accepted Jefferson’s offer of $15,000,000

● More than doubled the size of our country

● Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory

16

• President Jefferson wanted to purchase the important port of New Orleans

• Wasn’t sure that it was constitutional

• Benefit farming & business

Louisiana Purchase

17

The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. for the price of 2.3 cents an acre. President Jefferson sent

three expeditions to explore the new territory.

Louisiana

Purchase

U.S. in 1803

U.S. in 1802

Photos of the actual Louisiana Purchase Treaty

18

Map of Lewis and Clark's journey of exploration

19

Sacagawea was the Shoshone Indian wife of the interpreter

Toussaint Charbonneau.

She was instrumental in providing friendly relations between the explorers and

the various tribes they encountered on their

expedition.

20

Pike was a career army officer and explorer who led two parties of exploration (1805-1807) into

the Louisiana Territory.

Zebulon Pike led the second expedition

Jefferson, like Washington, refused to run for a third term. This continued the precedent of a two-term limit on presidents.

●Major events in Jefferson's presidency

●I. Jefferson’s philosophy of government

●II. “Midnight Judges” and judicial review

●III. Louisiana Purchase: Lewis and Clark

●IV. Barbary War

●V. Chesapeake Affair

●VI. Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

● After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison

● Madison was two-term President 1808-1816

● Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812

4th President 1808-1816

WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN

● Causes: British “impressment” (seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset Americans

● The War: 1814 – British sack D.C. Burn White house

● Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans

● Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814 British Impressment of

U.S. seamen upset Americans

RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812

Results of the war included:

➢ End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)

➢ Encouraged industries in U.S.

➢ Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and independent nation

Despite the burning of the President’s mansion, the U.S. emerged strong

NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY

● James Monroe was elected president in 1816

● Immediately, Nationalism clearly established as key concern of administration

● Treaty with Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory

● Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) secured Florida & southern- most areas of SE America

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

● In the early 19th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization

● In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

What idea does this political cartoon convey?

THE AGE OF JACKSON: SECTION 2

● During a time of growing Sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828, ushered in a new era of popular democracy

REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES

● The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural

● The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century

● New England first to embrace factory system

● Especially in textile (fabric) mills

SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL

● Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power

● Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable

● The South became a “Cotton Kingdom”

● More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves

1820 = 1,500,000 slaves

Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

● Economic differences created political tension between North & South

● As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted to keep nation together

● House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travel

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

● In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for statehood

● Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state

● Henry Clay organized a compromise in which Missouri was “slave” but Maine would be “free”

● Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30’ north latitude HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT

COMPROMISER

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820

ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON

● Jackson, hero of the common man, won election in 1828 in part because the right to vote had been expanded to more citizens

● In the 1824 election, won by John Quincy Adams, 350,000 white males voted

● In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males voted

● Many of the new voters supported the rugged westerner Jackson who also won re-election in 1832

ANDREW JACKSON IS ON THE $20 BILL

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

● As part of his political philosophy, Jackson sought to grant political power to the common people

● Called The Spoils System or Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson hired his own supporters to replace the previous administration’s staff

● Jackson gave away many jobs to his friends and political allies

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830

● Congress, with Jackson’s support, passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830

● Under this law, the federal government funded treaties that forced tribes west

● The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were supported by the Supreme Court

● Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision● Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court

Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

● Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died

INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830

TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”

● In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the Import Tariff of 1816

● Southerners called the 1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of Abominations,” and blamed it for economic problems in the South

THE NORTH

THE SOUTH

TARIFFS

NULLIFICATION THREAT

● In an attempt to free South Carolina from the tariff, John Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from S.C.), developed the Theory of Nullification

● He believed if a state found an act of Congress to be unconstitutional, it could declare the law void within its borders

● Tensions only relieved by a Clay Compromise Tariff in 1833

JACKSON’S BANK WAR

● Jackson opposed National Bank so he created Pet Banks – so called because they were favored by Jackson’s Democrats

● Many felt Jackson was acting more like a King than a president

● In 1832, his opponents formed a new party – the Whigs

PANIC OF 1837

● In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the Presidency

● He inherited problems from the “Bank Wars”

● Jackson’s Pet Banks printed money without Gold backing

● In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed, accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared MARTIN VAN BUREN

1837-1841

HARRISON & TYLER

● Whig William Henry Harrison defeated Democrat Van Buren in the election of 1840

● Harrison, known as “Tippecanoe” for a battle he won against natives, died a month into his term

● His VP, John Tyler became president HARRISON

1841

TYLER 1841-1845

MANIFEST DESTINY: SECTION 3

● In the 1840s Americans became preoccupied with expansion

● Many believed that their movement westward was predestined by God

● Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. would expand “from sea to shining sea”

UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY

FAMOUS TRAILS WEST

● No highways existed, thus wagon trails served as the roads to the West

● Santa Fe Trail ran from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

● Oregon Trail stretched from Independence to Oregon City, Oregon

● Mormons especially utilized the Oregon Trail on their way to Salt Lake City

MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS

● After 300 years of Spanish rule, Mexican settlers felt at home in Texas territory

● Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821 and Texas was theirs

● Mexican officials offered land to Americans to make the area more stable

● Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans in Texas – trouble started

TEXAS INDEPENDENCE

● Stephen Austin established a colony of Americans in Texas

● Conflicts intensified between Mexicans and Americans in Texas

● One issue was the slaves many Americans had brought with them

● Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829

REMEMBER THE ALAMO

● Mexican President Santa Anna was determined to force Texans to obey Mexican law

● Santa Anna marched his troops toward San Antonio – at the same time Austin issued a call to arms for all American Texans

● American forces moved into a mission known as the Alamo in 1836

● After 13 days the Mexican troops scaled the walls and slaughtered all 187 AmericansTHE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

● 1844 presidential election winner, James Polk, eagerly wanted to annex Texas as part of the U.S.

● Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into Mexican territory in 1845

● America victories soon followed, and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa Anna conceded defeat

● Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed – U.S. gets (larger) Texas, New Mexico & California

MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

● After gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850

● Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became known as Forty-niners

● By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in California topped $2,000,000,000

THE MARKET REVOLUTION: SECTION 4

● The first half of the 19th century in America, brought vast changes to technology, transportation, and production

● Known as the Market Revolution, people increasingly bought and sold goods rather than make them for themselves

A 19th century market

NEW INVENTIONS HELP ECONOMY

● 1837 – Samuel Morse invented the Telegraph

● Railroads were becoming faster and more numerous by 1830 surpassing canals as # 1 means of transport

● Robert Fulton invented the Steamboat and by 1830, 200 were on the Mississippi

● John Deere’s Plow and Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper improved agriculture

By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country

WORKERS SEEK BETTER CONDITIONS

● In 1834, Lowell, Massachusetts textile workers went on strike after their wages were lowered – one example of the dozens of strikes in the U.S. in the 1830s and 1840s

● Several industries formed the National Trade Union in 1834 in hopes of bettering their conditions

STRIKES AND UNIONS BECAME

MORE NUMEROUS AFTER 1830

REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY: SECTION 5

● The Second Great Awakening spread Christianity through revival meetings

● Another growing religious group was the Unitarians who emphasized reason as path to perfection

● Ralph Waldo Emerson was a Unitarian preacher who developed Transcendentalism

● These and other religions became the impetus for reforming society

RALPH WALDO EMERSON

THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT

● 1820s: Abolitionist movement to free African Americans from slavery arose

● Leader was a white radical named William Lloyd Garrison

● Abolitionist called for immediate emancipation of all slaves

FREDERICK DOUGLASS: AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADER

● Freed slave, Frederick Douglass escaped from bandage and became an eloquent abolitionist (critic of slavery) leader

● He began an anti-slavery newspaper called, North Star – named after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom

TURNER’S REBELLION

● The vast majority of African-Americans were enslaved in the South and were subjected to constant degradation

● Some rebelled against their condition

● Most famous revolt was led by Virginia slave Nat Turner

● Turner led 50 followers in a revolt killing 60 whites – he was caught and executed

Turner plans his rebellion

WOMEN AND REFORM

● From abolition to education, women worked actively in all reform movements

● Throughout the 1800s opportunity for women to become educated increased

● 1833: Oberlin College became first coed institution

WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT EMERGES

● Reform movements of the 19th century spurred the development of a Women’s movement

● For example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott had both been ardent abolitionists

● In 1848, more than 300 women participated in a Women’s Right convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y.

Two pioneers in women’s rights: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (left) and

Susan B. Anthony