Chapter 4

Chapter 4Prenatal Development 14.1 The Developing baby Main Idea:A mans sperm fertilizes a womans egg to begin developing an infant. There are many contraception methods available.

VocabularyOvumUterusFallopian TubesSpermContraceptionChromosomeGeneGenome

DNAInfertilitySurrogatePrenatal DevelopmentZygoteEmbryoAmniotic FluidPlacentaUmbilical CordFetus

Conception About every 28 days, an ovum is released by one of the womans ovaries. Ovum: is an egg cellThis release is part of the womans menstrual cycle and is called ovulation. Uterus: is the organ in a womans body in which a baby developsIt is pair shaped and is able to expand during pregnancy. Inner lining of the uterus grows and thickens, if the ovum is not fertilized, the lining breaks and passes through the bodyBleeding that woman experience during menstrual cycle. When an ovum is released it moves through the fallopian tube into the uterus. Fallopian Tube: is a tube that connects the ovary to the uterus. (2-3 days)

Conception continuedThe male cell is known as sperm.When the sperm reach the fallopian tube, it may penetrate and fertilize the ovum. This process of the sperm fertilizing the ovum is known as conception.

Ovum usually live to 12 to 24 hours; while sperm can live up to 72 hours.

Pregnancy begins at this time; and lasts up to 9 months. Ectopic Pregnancy- is one which the baby starts to grow somewhere other than the uterus. (Fallopian Tube).Very dangerous for mother; do not end in live birth.

Methods of family planning ABSTINENCEHormonal ImplantsHormonal PatchHormonal InjectionsIntrauterine Device (IUD)Vaginal Implant

Birth Control PillsCondomDiaphragmCervical CapNatural Family PlanningSpermicide

**pg. 94CONTRACEPTION COMPARISON

CONTRACEPTIONAlso referred to as birth control Methods to help prevent pregnancy The only 100% effective method is ABSTINENCE ABSTINENCE 100% effective Reduced risk of STIs Allows you a chance to get to know person better

Methods that should NOT be considered reliable methods of contraceptive Withdrawal Douching

NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING (RHYTHM)Calendar method 53-76% effective Temperature method 80% effective

Couples do not have intercourse at or near the time the female is ovulating Ovulation occurs 14 days after her menstrual cycle.

NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING Can put pressure on the relationship Requires careful record keeping Nothing to get Only method accepted by some religions BARRIER METHODS Makes it difficult or impossible for sperm to get to the egg Effectiveness can be increased by using spermicides Petroleum base products should never be used with latex because it deteriorates the latex causing it to break MALE CONDOM 88% effective Possible side effects include Irritation Allergic reaction Can be obtained over-the-counter Age, heat & friction can damage

FEMALE CONDOM79% effectiveSide effects include Irritation Allergic reaction Can be obtained over-the-counter Single-use

DIAPHRAGM

82% effective Side effects include Allergies Needs to be fitted by a doctorPrescription only Can be put in as much as 2 hr. before intercourse Must be left in at least 6-8 hr. after intercourse CERVICAL CAP 64-82 % effective Possible side effects include Allergies Difficult to insert & remove PrescriptionCan remain in place up to 48 hours Insert added spermicide for repeated intercourse

SPERMICIDES Prevent pregnancy by killing the sperm. They are usually used with another form of contraceptive to increase effectiveness

SPERMICIDAL CREAMS , GELS & FOAMS 61-97% effectivePossible side effects include Allergic reaction Messy Over-the-counter Provides some lubrication Only effective for a limited time.

SPERMICIDAL FILM

61-97% effectivePossible side effects include Allergic reaction Messy Over-the-counter Provides some lubrication Only effective for a limited time. SPERMICIDAL SUPPOSITORIES

61-97% effectivePossible side effects include Allergic reaction Messy Over-the-counter Provides some lubrication Only effective for a limited time.

SPERMICIDAL SPONGE Slightly better effectiveness than spermicides Possible side effects include allergic reactionOver-the-counter Combines spermicide with a barrier method

HORMONES Over 99% Effective Prescription only Contain differing amounts of the hormones estrogen and progestin Primarily prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation Possible side effects include Weight gain or loss Blood clots Stroke Tender breasts Vaginal bleeding Irregular bleeding

HORMONE METHODS OF DELIVERY

Oral Contraceptives The Patch NuvaRing Depo-Provera Oral Contraceptives 99% Effective when taken correctly.

Side Effects:- Irregular Bleeding-Nausea-Missed Periods-Changes in Appetite

Prescription Only

Provide NO PROTECTION from STDs.

The Patch 98% Effective

Side EffectsSkin IrritationIrregular BleedingWeight Gain

A new patch is placed on the skin once a week for three weeks in a row, followed by a patch-free week.

Norplant Norplant is over 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.

Can Anyone Use Norplant?No. Norplant is not recommended for everyone. You should not use Norplant if you have:Unexplained vaginal bleeding Liver disease Breast cancer Blood clots in the legs, lungs or eyes

What Are the Side Effects of Norplant?Irregular menstrual periods or no periods at all Headaches Depression Dizziness Acne Changes in appetite Weight gain Excessive growth of facial and body hair

**NO LONGER AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES

Depro-ProveraDepo-Provera is 99% effective in preventing pregnancy

Prescription Only

Shots every 3 Months

Are There Side Effects Associated With Depo-Provera?Depo-Provera can cause a number of side effects, including:Irregular menstrual periods, or no periods at all Headaches Nervousness Depression Dizziness Acne Changes in appetite Weight gain Excessive growth of facial and body hair Hair loss Loss of bone mineral densityNuva RingEffectiveness: 92-99%

Side Effects-Blot Clots-High Blood Pressure-Headaches-Weight Gain

Inserted ring remains in place for 3 weeks. Then is removed for 1 week. Then a new ring is inserted into the vagina.

IUD99.2% effective Prevents the implantation of the egg in the uterus Inserted by the doctor Need to be replaced every 1-3 yr. depending on the type

Possible side effects include Cramps Bleeding PID Infertility Perforation of the uterus STERILIZATION 100% effective Should be considered permanent Reversal is difficult and very expensiveRequires surgery Possible side effects include Pain Infections STERILIZATIONVasectomy

Tubal Ligation Vasectomy A vasectomy is considered a permanent method of birth control. A vasectomy prevents the release of sperm when a man ejaculates.During a vasectomy, the vas deferens from each testicle is clamped, cut, or otherwise sealed99.9% EffectiveSide Effects:Bleeding under the skin, which may cause swelling or bruising. Infection at the site of the incision. In rare instances, an infection develops inside the scrotum.

Tubal Ligation 99% Effective

During a tubal ligation, the fallopian tubes are cut or blocked to permanently prevent pregnancy.

Side EffectsChanges in sexual behaviorEmotional Health

Hysterectomy Is a surgery to remove a woman's uterus or womb. The uterus is where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. The whole uterus or just part of it may be removed. After a hysterectomy, you no longer have menstrual periods and cannot become pregnant.Side EffectsInjury to nearby organs, such as the bowel, urinary tract, bladder, rectum, or blood vessels Pain during sexual intercourse Early menopause, if the ovaries are removed Infection

Role of genetics At the moment of conception; every human baby receives 46 chromosomesChromosome is a tiny threadlike structure in the nucleus of every cell. Come in 23 pairs. Mother and Father contribute 1 pair to each chromosomeGene: is a unit that determines a humans inherited characteristicsThe complete blueprint for the creation of a person is called genome.The complex molecules that make up genes are called DNA.

GeneticsDOMINANT / RECESSIVE GENES For each inherited characteristic, a person receives 2 copies of a gene. One copy from the motherOne copy from the fatherWhen both genes are the same, the child automatically has that characteristic. Many times, a person receives 2 different genes. Characteristic is determined by the dominant gene. Dominant Gene: is a stronger geneRecessive Gene: is a weaker gene. The recessive gene will not be expressed. Recessive genes are only expressed when they are received from both parents. Red Hair

Making a unique person The gender of the child is determined at conception.

The sex chromosomes come in 2 types: X and Y. Each ovum carries an X chromosomeEach sperm carry either an X or Y.

XX= FemaleXY= Male

Multiple births The most common form of multiple birth is twins. IdenticalWhen a sperm fertilized the ovum; cells begin to divide right away. The cells then split in half creating 2 separate masses. Each cell begins to grow into a separate embryo. One Sperm and One Ovum that divide Fraternal Two eggs are released from the ovaries at the same time, and fertilized by different sperm. Can be opposite gender

Infertility Not all couples who want to become parents are able to have children. Infertility: is the inability to conceive a child. About 40% of cases are due to female infertility40% are due to male infertility20% have unknown causes or are linked to both partners.

How might the make someone feel?How might a couple react to this kind of news?Steps they can take?Options for infertile couples AdoptionArtificial InseminationDoctor injects sperm into the womans ovaries. Husband is usually the donor.In Vitro FertilizationSperm is injected into the ovum outside of the body. Once it has been fertilized, it is then placed in the womans ovary. Ovum TransferSimilar to In Vitro; except the ovum has been donated from another woman.Surrogate MotherIs a woman who becomes pregnant to have another womans baby with one of the above procedures. Artificial Insemination

Three stages of pregnancy Prenatal DevelopmentIs the babys development during pregnancy Consists of 3 StagesGerminal StageEmbryonic StageThe Fetal Stage

The germinal StageThe first stage in a babys development. Zygote: is the fertilized egg. Lasts only 2 weeks Includes the key steps in establishing a pregnancyCell DivisionZygote grows by cell division. Within a few days, the zygote has about 500 living cells. ImplantationThe lining of the uterus has now thickened. Zygote implants itself on the lining of the uterus. Zygote

The embryonic stageSecond Stage of DevelopmentThe Embryo is what the developing baby is called from the 3rd to the 8th week. During these 8 weeks: the face, eyes, ears, limbs, and bones begin to formOrgans and Body SystemsCells begin to separate into the major systemsThe heart, lungs, bones, and muscles. After 27 days the neural tube has closed ( brain and spinal cord) Amniotic Sac Sac filled with fluid forms around the embryoAmniotic Fluid: liquid that surrounds and protects the developing baby in the uterus.Cushions the embryo from bumps or falls embryonic STAGE CONTINUED Placenta and Umbilical CordPlacenta: is a tissue that connects the developing baby to the uterus.Rich in blood vessels, allow food and oxygen to flow to baby. Umbilical Cord: is a long tube that connects the baby to the placentaCarries carbon dioxide and other waste material way from the body.

The placenta and umbilical cord provide all of the babys needs until birth.

The Fetal Stage (pg. 102-103)The third and final stage of development8th week until BirthFetus: name of the developing child at this stage

Making MovementsBaby starts to move and mother can start to feel Can recognize voices and soundsCompleting DevelopmentMajor organs become functional Fetus gains weight quicklyBy the 8th month- fetus sleeps 90% of dayCan Dream!thE fetal STAGE CONTINUED Staying ActiveFetus can use all 5 senses Suck its thumb, cough, sneeze, yawn, and hiccup ; it can even cry!During the 8th month- baby begins to position itself for birth Kicking can become painful Growing BiggerAs the baby grows bigger; it can no longer stretch outFetal Position Ready for Birth40 weeks/280 days Few weeks early/Few weeks late