chapter 4

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 13e

CHAPTER 4:

Biodiversity andEvolution

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Core Case Study: !y Are

A"#!i$ians Vanis!in%& '()

* Ha$itat loss and +ra%"entation

* Prolon%ed drou%!t

* In,reased ultraviolet radiation* Parasites

* Viral and +un%al diseases

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Core Case Study: !y Are

A"#!i$ians Vanis!in%& '-)

* Pollution

* Cli"ate ,!an%e

* Over!untin%* Nonnative #redators and ,o"#etitors

* ../ o+ all a"#!i$ian s#e,ies +a,ee0tin,tion

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Fig. 4-1, p. 61

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4-1 What Is Biodiversity and

Why Is It Important?

* Concept 4-1 The biodiversity found in

genes, species, ecosystems, and

ecosystem processes is vital tosustaining life on earth.

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Biodiversity '()

* Species diversity

* A set o+ individuals t!at ,an "ate and

#rodu,e +ertile o++s#rin%* 12(33 "illion s#e,ies total li5ely (32(4

"illion

* - "illion s#e,ies identi+ied* 673/ in endan%ered tro#i,al rain+orests

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Biodiversity '-)

* Genetic diversity

* Ecosystem diversity

8 Biomes* Distinct climate

* Certain species, especially vegetation

* Fnctional diversity

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-4-56d3e8a3f15b1 8/88Fig. 4-!, p. 61

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Fnctional Diversity"#e $iological and c#emical processes sc# as energy%lo& and matter recycling needed %or t#e srvival o% species,commnities, and ecosystems.

Genetic Diversity"#e variety o% genetic material

&it#in a species or a poplation.

Species Diversity"#e nm$er and a$ndance o% species

present in di%%erent commnities

Ecological Diversity"#e variety o% terrestrial anda'atic ecosystems %ond inan area or on t#e eart#.

Fig. 4-!, p. 61

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-4-56d3e8a3f15b1 10/88Fig. 4-3, p. 61

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-4-56d3e8a3f15b1 11/88Fig. 4-4, p. 63

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Coastal

montain

ranges

Decidos

%orest

(rairie

grassland

Coni%eros

%orest

DesertConi%eros

%orest

Coastal c#aparral

and scr$

)ppalac#ian

*ontains

*ississippi

+iver alleyGreat

(lains

+ocy

*ontainsGreat

)merican

Desert

Sierra

evada

Fig. 4-4, p. 63

San Francisco

/as egas

Denver

St. /ois

Baltimore

)verage annal precipitation

100-1! cm 240-0 in.

-100 cm 230-40 in.

0- cm 2!0-30 in.

!-0 cm 210-!0 in.

$elo&-! cm 20-10 in.

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S,ien,e 9o,us: Inse,ts

* Around +or 6433 "illion years

* Bad re#utation

* se+ul to !u"ans and e,osyste"s* Vital roles in sustainin% li+e

8 Pollinators

8 Natural #est ,ontrol

8 Rene;in% soils

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-4-56d3e8a3f15b1 14/88Fig. 4-), p. 6!

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-4-56d3e8a3f15b1 15/88Fig. 4-), p. 6!

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4- !o" #oes the $arth%s &ife

'hange over Time?* Concept 4-2A The scientific theory of evolution

e(plains ho" life on earth changes over time

through changes in the genes of populations.

* Concept 4-2B )opulations evolve "hen genes

mutate and give some individuals genetic traits

that enhance their abilities to survive and to

produce offspring "ith these traits *natural

selection+.

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T!eory o+ Evolution

* Fossils

8 Minerali<ed and #etri+ied re"ains

8S5eletons= $ones= and s!ells 8 Leaves and seeds

8 I"#ressions in ro,5s

8 9ossil re,ord in,o"#lete: 6(/ o+ all s#e,ies* C!arles >ar;in= n the rigin of

pecies= (17?

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Po#ulation C!an%es over Ti"e

* Po#ulations evolve $y $e,o"in%

%eneti,ally di++erent over ti"e

* @eneti, varia$ility 8 mtations 8 Rando" ,!an%es in >NA "ole,ules in

%enes

8 Can o,,ur s#ontaneously 8 E0ternal a%ents: radiation

8 Can ,reate a !erita$le trait

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Natural Sele,tion

* )daptive traits 2 %eneti,ally +avora$le traits

t!at in,rease t!e #ro$a$ility to survive and

re#rodu,e

* Trait 8 !erita$le and lead to di++erentialre#rodu,tion

* 9a,ed ;it! environ"ental ,!an%e

8 Ada#t t!rou%! evolution 8 Mi%rate

8 Be,o"e e0tin,t

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Evolution t!rou%! Natural

Sele,tion Su""ari<ed

•Genes mutate, individuals areselected, and populations evolve

such that they are betteradapted to survive andreproduce under existing

environmental conditions.

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Fig. 4-, p. 6

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Fig. 4-, p. 6

+esistant $acterim

2a

) grop o% $acteria,inclding genetically

resistant ones, are

e5posed to an

anti$iotic

2$

*ost o% t#e normal$acteria die

2c

"#e genetically resistant$acteria start mltiplying

2d

Eventally t#eresistant strain

replaces all or most o%

t#e strain a%%ected $y

t#e anti$iotic

ormal $acterim

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Fig. 4-, p. 3

*ost o% t#e normal

$acteria die

"#e genetically

resistant $acteria

start mltiplying

Eventally t#e

resistant strainreplaces t#e strain

a%%ected $y

t#e anti$iotic

) grop o% $acteria,

inclding geneticallyresistant ones, are

e5posed to an

anti$iotic

ormal

$acterim

+esistant

$acterim

Stepped )rt

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Ada#tation t!rou%! Natural

Sele,tion Has Li"its• Hu"ans unli5ely to evolve and !ave s5in

t!ats not !ar"ed $y V radiation

( >esired trait "ust already $e in t!e %ene

#ool

- Must !ave !i%! re#rodu,tive ,a#a,ity soada#tive traits ,an $e s#read ra#idly

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T!ree Myt!s a$out Evolution

t!rou%! Natural Sele,tion Re+uted

( Survival o+ t!e +ittestD does not "ean

survival o+ t!e stron%estD

- Or%anis"s dont develo# traits ust

$e,ause t!ey ;ould $e use+ul: %ira++es

and lon% ne,5s

. T!ere is no %rand #lan o+ nature to

,reate "ore #er+e,tly ada#ted s#e,ies 8

no trend to;ard %eneti, #er+e,tion

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S,ien,e 9o,us: Ho; >id e

Be,o"e Su,! a Po;er+ul S#e,ies&

* Fey ada#tations 8 also ena$led us to

"odi+y environ"ent

8 O##osa$le t!u"$s

8 al5 u#ri%!t

8 Co"#le0 $rains

* Trans"it ideas to ot!ers

* >evelo# te,!nolo%ies to alter environ"ent

Te,!nolo%y do"inates eart!s li+e su##ort

syste"s and NPP

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4- !o" #o /eological )rocesses and

'limate 'hanges 0ffect $volution?

* Concept 4-3 Tectonic plate

movements, volcanic eruptions,

earthua2es, and climate changehave shifted "ildlife habitats, "iped

out large numbers of species, and

created opportunities for the evolutionof ne" species.

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Plate Te,toni,s

* Lo,ations o+ ,ontinents and o,eans

deter"ine eart!s ,li"ate

* Move"ent o+ ,ontinents allo; s#e,ies to

"ove and ada#t

* Eart!Gua5es and vol,anoes a++e,t

$iolo%i,al evolution $y se#aratin%

#o#ulations o+ a s#e,ies and allo;in% ne;

s#e,ies to develo#

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Fig. 4-6, p. 66

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(resent6 million years ago

13 million years ago!! million years ago

Fig. 4-6, p. 66

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(resent!! million years ago6 million years ago13 million years ago

Stepped )rtFig. 4-6, p. 66

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Eart!s Lon%2Ter" Cli"ate

C!an%es* Coolin% and ;ar"in% #eriods 8 a++e,t

evolution and e0tin,tion o+ s#e,ies

8 C!an%e o,ean levels and area

8 @la,iers e0#andin% and ,ontra,tin%

8 Cli"ate ,!an%es

* O##ortunities +or t!e evolution o+ ne;

s#e,ies

* Many s#e,ies %o e0tin,t

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Fig. 4-, p. 6

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1,000years $e%ore

present

*odern day2)gst

ort#ern 7emisp#ere8ce coverage

Fig. 4-, p. 6

/egendContinental ice

Sea ice

/and a$ove sea level

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S,ien,e 9o,us: Eart! is ust

Ri%!t +or Li+e to T!rive* Li+e needs a te"#erature ran%e t!at

results in liGuid ;ater

* Eart!s or$it: ri%!t distan,e +ro" sun

* Eart!s o#ti"al %ravity: 5ee#s at"os#!ere

* 9avora$le te"#erature ran%e over eart!!istory !as #ro"oted evolution and

$iodiversity* 9avora$le o0y%en level in at"os#!ere

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4-4 !o" #o peciation, $(tinction, and

!uman 0ctivities 0ffect Biodiversity?

* Concept 4-4 !uman activities

decrease the earth%s biodiversity by

causing the premature e(tinction ofspecies and by destroying or

degrading habitats needed for the

development of ne" species.

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S#e,iation

* Speciation

8 One s#e,ies s#lits into t;o or "ore

s#e,ies t!at ,an no lon%er $reed and#rodu,e +ertile o++s#rin%

* Geograp#ic isolation

* +eprodctive isolation

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Fig. 4-, p. 6

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Spreads

nort#&ardand sot#&ardand separates

)rctic Fo5

Gray Fo5

Di%%erent environmental

conditions lead to di%%erentselective pressres and evoltion

into t&o di%%erent species.

)dapted to cold

t#rog# #eavier

%r, s#ort ears,s#ort legs, and

s#ort nose.

9#ite %r

matc#es sno&

%or camo%lage.

)dapted to

#eat t#rog#

lig#t&eig#t

%r and long

ears, legs, andnose, &#ic#

give o%% more

#eat.

ort#ern

poplation

Sot#ern

poplation

Early %o5

poplation

Fig. 4-, p. 6

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S,ien,e 9o,us: C!an%in%

@eneti, Traits* )rti%icial selection

8 Sele,tive $reedin%: ,ross$reedin% varieties

;it!in sa"e s#e,ies to en!an,e desired traits

8 @rains= +ruits= ve%eta$les= do%s= ot!er ani"als

* Genetic engineering

8 Add= delete= or alter >NA se%"ents

8 Add desira$le %enes +ro" ot!er s#e,ies 8 Ne; dru%s= #est2resistant #lants

8 Controversial

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E0tin,tion '()

* Biological e5tinction 8 Entire species gone

* /ocal e5tinction 8 )ll mem$ers o% a species in a speci%ic area

gone

* Endemic species vulnera$le to e0tin,tion

* Bacgrond e5tinction* S#e,iation %enerally "ore ra#id t!an

e0tin,tion

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E0tin,tion '-)

* *ass e5tinction

8 Eart! too5 "illions o+ years to re,over

+ro" #revious "ass e0tin,tions

* Balan,e $et;een s#e,iation and

e0tin,tion deter"ines $iodiversity o+

eart!* Hu"ans ,ause #re"ature e0tin,tion o+

s#e,ies

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Hu"an A,tivities and E0tin,tion

* Cause #re"ature e0tin,tion o+ s#e,ies

4 3 Wh t I i #i it

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4-3 What Is pecies #iversity

and Why Is It Important?

* Concept 4-5 pecies diversity is a

maor component of biodiversity and

tends to increase the sustainability ofsome ecosystems.

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S#e,ies >iversity

* Species ric#ness

* Species evenness

* Varies ;it! %eo%ra#!i, lo,ation* S#e,ies ri,!ness de,lines to;ards

#oles

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Ri,!ness and Sustaina$ility

* Hy#ot!esis

8 >oes a ,o""unity ;it! !i%! s#e,ies

ri,!ness !ave %reater sustaina$ility and

#rodu,tivity&

* Resear,! su%%ests yesD

4 5 Wh t 6 l # i

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4-5 What 6oles #o pecies

)lay in an $cosystem?

* Concept 4-6 $ach species plays a

specific ecological role called its

niche.

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E,olo%i,al Ni,!e '()

* S#e,ies o,,u#y uniGue ni,!es and #lay

s#e,i+i, roles in an e,osyste"

* In,ludes everyt!in% reGuired +or survival and

re#rodu,tion 8 ater

8 Sunli%!t

8 S#a,e 8 Te"#eratures

8 9ood reGuire"ents

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E,olo%i,al Ni,!e '-)

* Generalist species

* Specialist species

* ative species* onnative species

8 S#read in ne;= suita$le ni,!es

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Fig. 4-10, p. !

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/oisiana #eron&ades into &ater

to sei:e small %is#

Blac simmer sei:es small %is#at &ater sr%ace

+ddytrnstonesearc#es

nder s#ellsand pe$$les

%or smallinverte$rates)vocet s&eeps $ill

t#rog# md andsr%ace &ater insearc# o% smallcrstaceans, insects,and seeds

Bro&n pelicandives %or %is#,&#ic# it locates%rom t#e air

Do&itc#er pro$esdeeply into md insearc# o% snails,marine &orms, andsmall crstaceans

7erring gllis a tirelessscavenger

Flamingo %eeds onminte organisms

in md

Scap and ot#er divingdcs %eed on mollss,crstaceans, and a'aticvegetation

(iping plover%eeds on insects

and tinycrstaceans onsandy $eac#es

;not 2sandpiperpics p &ormsand small crstaceansle%t $y receding tide

<ystercatc#er %eeds onclams, mssels, and ot#er

s#ell%is# into &#ic# itpries its narro& $ea

Fig. 4-10, p. !

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S,ien,e 9o,us: Co,5roa,!es

* E0isted +or .73 "illion years 8 .=733 5no;n

s#e,ies

* Hi%!ly ada#ted= ra#idly #rodu,in% %eneralists

8 Consu"e al"ost anyt!in%

8 Endure +ood s!orta%e

8 Survive every;!ere e0,e#t #olar re%ions

8 Avoid #redation* Carry !u"an diseases

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Fig. 4-11, p. !

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Indi,ator S#e,ies

* Early ;arnin% syste"

* 9is!

* Birds* Butter+lies

* A"#!i$ians

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Fig. 4-1!, p. 4

)dlt %rog

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<rgan %ormation

Eggs

Sperm

Se5al

reprodction

Fertili:ed egg

developmentEgg #atc#es

"adpole

"adpoledevelopsinto %rog

)dlt %rog

23 years =ong %rog

Fig. 4-1!, p. 4

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Feystone S#e,ies

* Si%ni+i,ant role in t!eir +ood ;e$:

lar%e a++e,t on ty#es and a$undan,es

o+ ot!er s#e,ies in an e,osyste"

* Eli"ination "ay alter stru,ture andor

+un,tion o+ e,osyste"

* Pollinators* To# #redators

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9oundation S#e,ies

* Create !a$itats and e,osyste"s

* Beavers

* Ele#!ants* Seed dis#ersers

S,ien,e 9o,us: A"eri,an

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S,ien,e 9o,us: A"eri,an

Alli%ator

* Hi%!ly ada#ta$le

* Only natural #redator is !u"ans

* (?JK 8 endan%ered s#e,ies list* Su,,ess+ul environ"ental ,o"e$a,5

* Feystone s#e,ies

Case Study: !y S!ould e

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Case Study: !y S!ould e

Prote,t S!ar5s&

* Re"ove inured= si,5 ani"als

* Many are %entle %iants

* Provide #otential insi%!t into ,ures +or!u"an diseases su,! as ,an,er

* Feystone s#e,ies

* Hunted and 5illed $y !u"ans

T!ree Bi% Ideas +ro" T!is

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C!a#ter 2 (

* Po#ulations evolve ;!en %enes

"utate and %ive so"e individuals

%eneti, traits t!at en!an,e t!eir

a$ilities to survive and to #rodu,e

o++s#rin% ;it! t!ese traits 'natural

sele,tion)


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C!a#ter 2 -

* Hu"an a,tivities are de,reasin% t!e

eart!s vital $iodiversity $y ,ausin%

t!e #re"ature e0tin,tion o+ s#e,ies

and $y disru#tin% !a$itats needed +or

t!e develo#"ent o+ ne; s#e,ies


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C!a#ter 2 .

* Ea,! s#e,ies #lays a s#e,i+i,

e,olo%i,al role in t!e e,osyste"

;!ere it is +ound 'e,olo%i,al ni,!e)

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Ani"ation: Car$on Bonds

Ani"ation: Stanley Millers

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Ani"ation: Stanley Miller s

E0#eri"ent

Ani"ation: Evolutionary Tree o+

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Ani"ation: Evolutionary Tree o+

Li+e

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Ani"ation: Sta$ili<in% Sele,tion

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Ani"ation: >isru#tive Sele,tion

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Ani"ation: Mot! Po#ulations

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Ani"ation: Ada#tive Trait

Ani"ation: S#e,iation on an

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Ani"ation: S#e,iation on an

Ar,!i#ela%o

Ani"ation: Evolutionary Tree

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Ani"ation: Evolutionary Tree

>ia%ra"s

Ani"ation: @auses Co"#etition

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Ani"ation: @ause s Co"#etition

E0#eri"ent

Ani"ation: S#e,ies >iversity By

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Ani"ation: S#e,ies >iversity By

Latitude

Ani"ation: Hu"ans A++e,t

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Ani"ation: Hu"ans A++e,t

Biodiversity

Ani"ation: Ha$itat Loss and

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Ani"ation: Ha$itat Loss and

9ra%"entation

Ani"ation: Trans+errin% @enes

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Ani"ation: Trans+errin% @enes

into Plants

Vid A i t H S5 ll

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Video: An,ient Hu"an S5ull

PLA

VI>EO

Vid A t id M

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Video: Asteroid Mena,e

PLA

VI>EO

Vid B ! l P d t t!

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Video: Ba,!elor Pad at t!e oo

PLA

VI>EO

Vid Cl d P !

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Video: Cloned Poo,!

PLA

VI>EO

Vid C ti E l ti

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Video: Creation vs Evolution

PLA

VI>EO

Video >inosa r >is,o er

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Video: >inosaur >is,overy

PLA

VI>EO

Video: @lo; in t!e >ar5 Pi%s

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Video: @lo;2in2t!e2>ar5 Pi%s

PLA

VI>EO

Video: Hsin% Hsin% >ies

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Video: Hsin% Hsin% >ies

PLA

VI>EO

Video: Mule Clones

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Video: Mule Clones

PLA

VI>EO

Video: Ne; S#e,ies 9ound

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Video: Ne; S#e,ies 9ound

PLA

VI>EO

Video: Pen%uin Res,ue

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Video: Pen%uin Res,ue

PLA

O

chapter 4

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