chapter 4 arts

8/11/2019 Chapter 4 Arts

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Calligraphy

Painting

Four treasures of the study How to practice Chinese calligraphy


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Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of

lines.

Calligraphys purpose is to retain the beauty

of nature and illuminate mans spiritualbeauty. It stresses the overall layout and

harmony between words and lines.

The Chinese saying The handwriting

reveals the person(), is directly

related to calligraphy.


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There are 6 basic categories:

diandot stroke

heng

horizontal strokeshuvertical stroke

piecurved stroke

zhe

angular (

) strokegouhooked () stroke


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Strokes form Chinese radicals ()

A radical is the prefix of the word.

Some basic character components arestandalone characters (), likeand , but most are just parts of

them.


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(56 strokes )

Bing


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verbose, diffuse

discovered bythe French

sinologist

Jol Bellassen

in 1989


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taito,

the appearance of

a dragon in flight


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the seal form (zhuan )

the official form (li )

thecursive

form (cao

) the regularform (kai )

therunning form (xing)


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Soft lines of strokesand uprightrectangular shapekeep the seal form

characters moreclose topictography ().

Each of the

characters has abalanced andsymmetrical () pattern.


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It was the turning point inthe evolution of Chinesescripts and is thefoundation of the laterscript forms.

It turned the remainingcurved and round strokes

of the seal form into linear() and flat square

() shapes.


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This style of calligraphyis smooth and lively withstrokes flowing andcharacters linking

together. The characters are often

joined, with the laststroke of one merginginto the initial stroke of

the next. It is executed freely and

rapidly so that parts ofthe characters appearexaggerated (

).


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It is still todaysstandard writing.

It is square in form, and

non-cursive in strokes. Size:

Larger Regular Form( more than 5cm )

Smaller Regular Form(smaller than 2cm)

Medium Regular Form(in-between)


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Therunning formissomewhere betweenthe regular and thecursive formsallowing simpler andfaster writing.

the running regularform

the running cursiveform


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Wang Xizhi

the sage of Chinese calligraphy

The Preface to The LantingCollection of Calligraphy


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Chinese Traditional Painting refers to ink -wash painting ()

Traditional Chinese paintings are notpurelypaintings. They combine fine art,poetry, calligraphy, and seal engravingto achieve an artistic unison ().

Human figures, landscapes, flowers,birds, and pavilions are the mostimportant themes of traditional Chinesepainting.


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Xu Beihong

Qi Baishi


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Qi Baishi


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Four treasures of thestudy : brush , ink,paper and ink stone

The best of each ofthese items isrepresented by:

Hubrush (), Huiink stick (), Xuan

paper (

) , andDuanink stone ().


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Hubrushes are produced in the city ofHuzhou, Zhejiang Province.

Made from the hair of a goat or wolf, theyare round, neat, strong, and pointed. Thegoat hair is soft, suitable for the writing ofbig characters, while the wolf hair is hard,

suitable for the writing of small ones.


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Huiink sticks are produced in Hui City,Anhui Province.

They are made from the ash of burntgreen pine from Mount Huangshan andthen mixed with glue.


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Xuan paper is a special type of high qualitypaper produced in Xuancheng and JingCounty of Anhui Province.

Made in an 18-step process from the barkof the wingceltis () tree and rice straw,the paper is snow-white, soft, durable,

absorbent () and moth-proof.


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Duanink stones were first introduced inDuanzhou, now are produced inZhaoqing City, Guangdong Province.

They have a fine, solid texture and aglossy sheen (). Ink prepared in them

does not dry quickly.


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Choosing a good copybook () is agood beginning.

Different strokes are the first you should pay

attention to. The regular form is usually taken as the

standard form for beginners to practicebecause it is the basic form for other

inscriptions. Furthermore, in order to develop this skill

you must practice regularly and train hard.


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There is an oldmethod passeddown from

generation togeneration,practicing thecharacter

repeatedly becauseit contains the eightbasic dots andstrokes.


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Beijing Opera

Other Major Traditional Chinese Opera


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Originally Beijing Opera was a form of localtheatre. It then spread across the countryand became the national opera of China.

Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobaticfighting (

) are the four artisticmeans and the four basic skills of BeijingOpera.

Each action by the performer is highlysymbolic. Feelings and ideas are oftenexpressed through these symbolic motions.


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The characters of BeijingOpera are classifiedaccording to sex, age,disposition, profession, andsocial status.

There are four major roles inBeijing Opera today:sheng(male), dan(female),jing(painted face, male) and

chou(clown).


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Theshengroles aregenerally positive andcan be divided intolaosheng(: elderly

men), wusheng (

:military men),xiaosheng (: youngmen), and wawasheng(: children).


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Danrefers tovarious femaleroles, including

laodan (

),qingyi (),huadan()

wuadan(

) andcaidan().


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TheJingis a romantic,exaggerated BeijingOpera role.

The characters aremostly cheerful,

honest, gallant (

), and intrepid (

) men ortreacherous ()

and cruel men.


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The choucharacters aresharp-witted, clever,humorous, honest, andkind men. There are

wenchou(

: comiccivilian roles) who speak,act, and sing and wuchou(: arcobatic fightingcomic roles) whose

performance involves bothspeaking and acrobaticfighting.


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There are two ways to distinguish acharacters personality or role type.

The first is to understand the color code ofthe painted face. The second is to distinguish

the lines and patterns drawn on the face.


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Red defines loyal and upright persons Purple for loyal, brave, just, and noble

characters Black face makeup for faithful, brave, and

straightforward characters

Green indicates stubborn, irritable (

), and noteasily controlled characters


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Yellow for fierce, brutal, and calculating

characters White for imperious (

) and treacherous (

) people

A distorted face, drawn with

asymmetrical (

) lines,

generally represents a villain (

) or accomplice (

) or someone

whose face has been wounded.

Gold-silvered faces for ghosts and gods


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Kunqu Opera

Shaanxi Opera

Chuan Opera

Yue Opera

Huangmei Opera

Yue Opera


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Kunqu Opera is known for its gentle and

clear vocals, beautiful and refined tunes,and dance-like stage performance.

In 2001, it was listed in the Oral andIntangible Cultural Heritage by theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO

).


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Shaanxi Opera (), the oldest of all

the Chinese operas that are still inexistence today, is the typical opera of

Shaanxi province.

The Shaanxi Opera is of great fun andthe elderly residents of Xian take

particular delight in it even today.


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In the mid-18th century, in SichuanProvince and some parts of Yunnan andGuizhou Provinces, Kunqu Opera and

High-pitched Opera () werecommonly performed together with thelocal operas; Influenced by each other,

they blended into a new opera categorydesignated as Chuan Opera.


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The technique offacechangesis most often

used in Chuan Opera.

In some cases multiple

layers of masks are tornaway for each change infacial expression.


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It is popular throughout ZhejiangProvince and Shanghai as well as inmany large and medium-sized citiesthroughout the country.

The soft and gentle music of this operaevokes sentimental emotions, and the

acting style is likewise graceful andrefined.


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Huangmei Opera has been performedfor over 200 years. It is a local opera inAnhui Province and evolved from theCaicha Tune

(tea-picking tune) ofHuangmei County, Hubei Province.

Huangmei Opera is easy to understandand learn because it employs simplewords and literary traditions.


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Yue Opera is one type of traditional localoperas, popular in Guangdong andGuangxi provinces and in Chinesecommunities in South Asia and America.


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Acrobatics

Quyi

Puppet Show Shadow Play

Ghost-Exorcising Opera ()


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Chinese acrobatshave been successfulin many internationalcompetitions over the

years. As a result,foreign audienceshave eulogized the artform as mythical andengrossing and Chinais playing adominating part inacrobatics.


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Cross-talk ()

Clapper talk ()

Storytelling (

) Xiaopin()

Shuanghuang ()


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Xiaopinare short, lightcomedies in the Huaju(spoken drama)style.About 15 minutes in

length. The short, brisk,

humorous, and oftenpoignant comic skits

have been regularpopular items onChinese televisions NewYear Gala Show.


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Chinese puppetshow combineselements of song,dance, painting, and

sculpture. In puppet shows,

actors or specially-trained operatorsmanipulate thepuppets inperformances.


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The performersmanipulate colorfulleather or cardboardfigures whose

silhouettes

are reflected on ascreen by lantern light.

A light is shone on to ascreen, behind which

performers operate thesilhouettes whilesinging to theaccompaniment ofmusic.


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The Ghost-ExorcisingOpera originatedfrom a sacrificial ceremony for driving

away evil spirits and pestilence () inancient times.


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Plucked Instruments ()

Percussion Instrument (

) Wind Instrument ()


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Pipa () is anancient plucked (), four-stringed

instrument made ofwood, with thefingerboard shapedlike a melon-seed,and a long beautifulneck bent backward.


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Zither () is also aplucked stringinstrument, and it isone of the mainensemble and solo

instruments oftraditional Chinesemusic.

The present-day

zitherusually has 21-25 strings.


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Erhu (

), sometimesknown in the West asthe "Chinese violin", is atwo-stringed bowed

musical instrument andis used as a soloinstrument as well as forsmall ensembles and

large orchestras.


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Drum (

)is a percussion instrument consistingof a hollow cylinder or hemisphere with amembrane () stretched tightly over the

end or ends, and is played by beating the

membrane with hands or sticks.

Gong ()is a percussion instrument made of

copper in the shape of a disk and beaten with a

wooden hammer.

Drums and Gongs are a general terms describing

all sorts of percussion instruments.


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Ceremonial horn (

)is awoodwind instrument, withits mouthpiece made ofbrass, and its body madeof wood.

It has seven holes on theobverse () and one onthe reverseside ofthe tube.

It can produce resonantsounds, becoming aprinciple wind andpercussion instrument offolk bands.


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Bamboo Flute (

)is a wind instrumentmade of bamboo, with a row of holes,bamboo membrane and a sound-adjustinghole.

It is played by holding the instrumenthorizontally, covering the holes and blowinginto one side.

In ancient times, a verticalbamboo flute was calledxiao ().

chapter 4 arts

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