chapter 4: carbon and the molecular diversity of life #1-15

Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life #1-15

1)What type of chemical bond joins a functional group to the carbon skeleton of a large molecule?

a) covalent bond

b) hydrogen bond

c) ionic bond

d) double bond

e) disulfide bond

1)What type of chemical bond joins a functional group to the carbon skeleton of a large molecule?

a) covalent bond

b) hydrogen bond

c) ionic bond

d) double bond

e) disulfide bond

2)Which functional group is least similar in structure to the other organic molecules?

a) ketone

b) hydroxyl

c) carboxyl

d) ester

e) aldehyde

2)Which functional group is least similar in structure to the other organic molecules?

a) ketone

b) hydroxyl

c) carboxyl

d) ester

e) aldehyde

3)Which functional group behaves as an acid in organic molecules?

a) amino

b) carboxyl

c) carbonyl

d) sulfhydryl

e) hydroxyl

3)Which functional group behaves as an acid in organic molecules?

a) amino

b) carboxyl

c) carbonyl

d) sulfhydryl

e) hydroxyl

4)Which functional group behaves as a base in organic molecules?

a) amino

b) carboxyl

c) carbonyl

d) sulfhydryl

e) hydroxyl

4)Which functional group behaves as a base in organic molecules?

a) amino

b) carboxyl

c) carbonyl

d) sulfhydryl

e) hydroxyl

5)What type of isomer is propanal compared to acetone?

a) cis-trans isomer

b) structural isomer

c) enantiomer

d) none of the above

5)What type of isomer is propanal compared to acetone?

a) cis-trans isomer

b) structural isomer

c) enantiomer

d) none of the above

6)Which type of molecule may contain sulfhydryl groups?

a) carbohydrate

b) DNA

c) protein

d) all of the above

6)Which type of molecule may contain sulfhydryl groups?

a) carbohydrate

b) DNA

c) protein

d) all of the above

7)The table below gives the molar ratios of some of the products from Stanley Miller’s abiotic synthesis of organic molecules experiment. Which amino acid could foster cross bridge structures and at what level? a) Serine - secondary

b) Methionine - tertiary

c) Alanine -secondary

d) Serine and methionine - tertiary

7)The table below gives the molar ratios of some of the products from Stanley Miller’s abiotic synthesis of organic molecules experiment. Which amino acid could foster cross bridge structures and at what level? a) Serine - secondary

b) Methionine - tertiary

c) Alanine -secondary

d) Serine and methionine - tertiary

8)Based on these results, how many molecules of methionine are present per mole of glycine? a) 1.08 × 10–70 molecules

b) 1.8 × 10–3 molecules

c) 1.08 × 10–21 molecules

d) 6.02 × 10–23 molecules

8)Based on these results, how many molecules of methionine are present per mole of glycine? a) 1.08 × 10–70 molecules

b) 1.8 × 10–3 molecules

c) 1.08 × 10–21 molecules

d) 6.02 × 10–23 molecules

9)These amino acids below were combined in a flask to make a protein. The protein was then placed in a solution of benzene (C6H6). Based on the properties and ratio of amino acids present – which of the following observation would be true? a) Serine would be found on the outside of the protein

b) Methionine would be found on the inside of the protein

c) Alanine would be found on the outside of the protein

d) Glycine would form ionic bonds with alanine

Amino Acid Type of R group Molar Ratio

(Relative to Glycine)

Glycine Nonpolar 1.0

Serine Polar 3.0x10-2

Methionine Nonpolar 1.8x10-3

Alanine Nonpolar 1.1

9)These amino acids below were combined in a flask to make a protein. The protein was then placed in a solution of benzene (C6H6). Based on the properties and ratio of amino acids present – which of the following observation would be true?

a) Serine would be found on the outside of the protein

b) Methionine would be found on the inside of the protein

c) Alanine would be found on the outside of the protein

d) Glycine would formed ionic bonds with alanine

Amino Acid Type of R group Molar Ratio

(Relative to Glycine)

Glycine Nonpolar 1.0

Serine Polar 3.0x10-2

Methionine Nonpolar 1.8x10-3

Alanine Nonpolar 1.1

10)You could describe enantiomers by analogy with which part(s) of your body?

a) your heart

b) your two feet

c) your left lung

d) one of your thumbnails

10)You could describe enantiomers by analogy with which part(s) of your body?

a) your heart

b) your two feet

c) your left lung

d) one of your thumbnails

11)The disappearance of which functional group would most adversely affect protein shape?

a) carbonyl

b) carboxyl

c) sulfhydryl

d) phosphate

e) hydroxyl

11)The disappearance of which functional group would most adversely affect protein shape?

a) carbonyl

b) carboxyl

c) sulfhydryl

d) phosphate

e) hydroxyl

12)If you swapped a methyl group for every phosphate group in a DNA molecule,

a) the molecule would fall apart.

b) no significant change would occur.

c) the DNA would become RNA.

d) none of the above would occur.

12)If you swapped a methyl group for every phosphate group in a DNA molecule,

a) the molecule would fall apart.

b) no significant change would occur.

c) the DNA would become RNA.

d) none of the above would occur.

13)Which functional group is most important for cellular energy?

a) phosphate

b) sulfhydryl

c) hydroxyl

d) carbonyl

e) carboxyl

13)Which functional group is most important for cellular energy?

a) phosphate

b) sulfhydryl

c) hydroxyl

d) carbonyl

e) carboxyl

14)Which of the following can carbon-based molecules do because of the versatile bond structures formed by carbon?

a) make three-dimensional shapes

b) branch

c) have mirror-image versions

d) all of the above

14)Which of the following can carbon-based molecules do because of the versatile bond structures formed by carbon?

a) make three-dimensional shapes

b) branch

c) have mirror-image versions

d) all of the above

15)Which of the following contains the most molecules?

a) a mole of water

b) a mole of a gas

c) a mole of protein

d) a mole of methyl groups

e) none of the above

15)Which of the following contains the most molecules?

a) a mole of water

b) a mole of a gas

c) a mole of protein

d) a mole of methyl groups

e) none of the above

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

1)Polymers are made of monomer subunits that are joined by what type of bonds?

a) ionic bonds

b) covalent bonds

c) hydrogen bonds

d) hydrophobic bonds

1)Polymers are made of monomer subunits that are joined by what type of bonds?

a) ionic bonds

b) covalent bonds

c) hydrogen bonds

d) hydrophobic bonds

2)Which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches?

a) cellulose

b) chitin

c) amylose

d) amylopectin

e) glycogen

2)Which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches?

a) cellulose

b) chitin

c) amylose

d) amylopectin

e) glycogen

3)A polysaccharide you are studying contains unbranched β glucose molecules and cannot be digested by humans. Which polysaccharide are you studying?

a) cellulose

b) DNA

c) chitin

d) starch

e) glycogen

3)A polysaccharide you are studying contains unbranched β glucose molecules and cannot be digested by humans. Which polysaccharide are you studying?

a) cellulose

b) DNA

c) chitin

d) starch

e) glycogen

4)Lipids cannot be considered polymers because

a) they contain polar covalent bonds.

b) their structure includes carbon rings.

c) they can be artificially created.

d) their monomers are connected via ionic bonds.

e) they are not composed of monomer subunits.

4)Lipids cannot be considered polymers because

a) they contain polar covalent bonds.

b) their structure includes carbon rings.

c) they can be artificially created.

d) their monomers are connected via ionic bonds.

e) they are not composed of monomer subunits.

5)The chemical bonds present in a molecule contribute to the properties of the molecule. Carbon is an unusual atom in that it can form multiple bonds. Which statement is not true?

a) A carbon-to-carbon cis double bond is the type found in

nature and is associated with cardiovascular health.

b) A carbon-to-carbon trans double bond that is made artificially

in food processing is associated with poor cardiovascular

health.

c) A carbon-to-carbon double bond in the cis configuration

creates a bend in the hydrocarbon chain.

d) Saturated fats are those that have carbon-to-carbon double

bonds and are associated with good health.

5)The chemical bonds present in a molecule contribute to the properties of the molecule. Carbon is an unusual atom in that it can form multiple bonds. Which statement is not true?

a) A carbon-to-carbon cis double bond is the type found in

nature and is associated with cardiovascular health.

b) A carbon-to-carbon trans double bond that is made artificially

in food processing is associated with poor cardiovascular

health.

c) A carbon-to-carbon double bond in the cis configuration

creates a bend in the hydrocarbon chain.

d) Saturated fats are those that have carbon-to-carbon

double bonds and are associated with good health.

6)All lipids

a) are made from glycerol and fatty acids.

b) contain nitrogen.

c) have low energy content.

d) are acidic when mixed with water.

e) do not dissolve well in water.

6)All lipids

a) are made from glycerol and fatty acids.

b) contain nitrogen.

c) have low energy content.

d) are acidic when mixed with water.

e) do not dissolve well in water.

7)Sickle-cell disease is caused by a mutation in hemoglobin that changes a charged amino acid to a hydrophobic amino acid. Where in the protein would you expect to find this charged amino acid?

a) on the exterior surface of the protein

b) in the interior of the protein, away from water

c) at the active site, binding oxygen

d) at the heme-binding site

7)Sickle-cell disease is caused by a mutation in hemoglobin that changes a charged amino acid to a hydrophobic amino acid. Where in the protein would you expect to find this charged amino acid?

a) on the exterior surface of the protein

b) in the interior of the protein, away from water

c) at the active site, binding oxygen

d) at the heme-binding site

8)Which is a function of a molecule that is not a protein?

a) helps make up membranes

b) carries the code for translation from the nucleus to the

ribosome

c) binds to hormones (hormone receptor)

d) can be a hormone

e) speeds chemical reactions

8)Which is a function of a molecule that is not a protein?

a) helps make up membranes

b) carries the code for translation from the nucleus to the

ribosome

c) binds to hormones (hormone receptor)

d) can be a hormone

e) speeds chemical reactions

9)How does RNA differ from DNA?

a) DNA encodes hereditary information; RNA does not.

b) DNA forms duplexes; RNA does not.

c) DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.

d) all of the above

9)How does RNA differ from DNA?

a) DNA encodes hereditary information; RNA does not.

b) DNA forms duplexes; RNA does not.

c) DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.

d) all of the above

10)Scan along the aligned sequences, letter by letter, noting any positions that vary from species to species. How many amino acids differ between the monkey and the human sequences?

11)What percent of monkey β-globin amino acids are identical to the human sequence? (This is called the percent identity between the monkey and human β-globin sequences. Note: 146 amino acids total.)

a) 5.48%

b) 94.5%

c) 95.9%

d) 98.6%

11)What percent of monkey β-globin amino acids are identical to the human sequence? (This is called the percent identity between the monkey and human β-globin sequences. Note: 146 amino acids total.) a) 5.48%

b) 94.5%

c) 95.9%

d) 98.6%

12)From the β-globin alignment, identify the best hypothesis relating humans to monkeys and gibbons.

a) Monkeys are more closely related to humans than gibbons are because monkeys’ β-globin sequence has the lower

percent identity with humans.

b) Both monkeys and gibbons are equally unrelated to humans

because neither monkeys nor gibbons have the exact same

β-globin sequence as humans.

c) Both monkeys and gibbons are equally related to humans

because they both have less than a 10% difference in

β-globin sequence with humans.

d) Gibbons are more closely related to humans than monkeys

are because the gibbon β-globin sequence is a closer match

with the human sequence.

12)From the β-globin alignment, identify the best hypothesis relating humans to monkeys and gibbons.

a) Monkeys are more closely related to humans than gibbons are because monkeys’ β-globin sequence has the lower

percent identity with humans.

b) Both monkeys and gibbons are equally unrelated to humans

because neither monkeys nor gibbons have the exact same

β-globin sequence as humans.

c) Both monkeys and gibbons are equally related to humans

because they both have less than a 10% difference in

β-globin sequence with humans.

d) Gibbons are more closely related to humans than

monkeys are because the gibbon β-globin sequence

is a closer match with the human sequence.

13)If you wanted to make a computer that would hold information, basing it on a biological molecule, which molecule would be the best choice?

a) DNA

b) carbohydrate

c) lipid

d) saccharide

e) glycerol

13)If you wanted to make a computer that would hold information, basing it on a biological molecule, which molecule would be the best choice?

a) DNA

b) carbohydrate

c) lipid

d) saccharide

e) glycerol

14) In which pair does the first molecule determine the structure of the second?

a) DNA, protein

b) RNA, carbohydrate

c) Lipid, DNA

d) DNA, RNA

e) a and d

14)In which pair does the first molecule determine the structure of the second?

a) DNA, protein

b) RNA, carbohydrate

c) Lipid, DNA

d) DNA, RNA

e) a and d

15)If you were designing a cell to store a large amount of energy, which molecule(s) would you pack into it?

a) protein

b) lipid

c) carbohydrate

d) a and c

e) b and c

15)If you were designing a cell to store a large amount of energy, which molecule(s) would you pack into it?

a) protein

b) lipid

c) carbohydrate

d) a and c

e) b and c

16)If you wanted to extract the heaviest component of a membrane, you would need a protocol to extract

a) sterols.

b) phospholipids.

c) glycerol.

d) fatty acids.

e) none of the above.

16)If you wanted to extract the heaviest component of a membrane, you would need a protocol to extract

a) sterols.

b) phospholipids.

c) glycerol.

d) fatty acids.

e) none of the above.

17)If you wanted to design a new industrial catalyst based on something biological, which molecule would you use?

a) fatty acid

b) lipid

c) DNA

d) protein

e) chitin

17)If you wanted to design a new industrial catalyst based on something biological, which molecule would you use?

a) fatty acid

b) lipid

c) DNA

d) protein

e) chitin

18)If you substituted alanine (R=H) for glycine (R=CH3)in a protein, how much change to the protein’s structure would you expect?

a) little change, since these are both hydrophobic amino

b) much change, since one has a large side chain and the other

a small side chain

c) some change, since one contains S and the other does not

d) little change, since amino acid identity doesn’t have much

effect on protein function

18)If you substituted alanine for glycine in a protein, how much change to the protein’s structure would you expect?

a) little change, since these are both hydrophobic amino

b) much change, since one has a large side chain and the other

a small side chain

c) some change, since one contains S and the other does not

d) little change, since amino acid identity doesn’t have much

effect on protein function

Chapter 8 – An Introduction to Metabolism #1-18

1)How do living organisms create macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, and complex higher-order structures?

a) The laws of thermodynamics do not apply to living

organisms.

b) Living organisms create order by recycling and reusing

energy from the sun.

c) Living organisms create order locally, but the energy

transformations generate waste heat that increases the

entropy of the universe.

1)How do living organisms create macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, and complex higher-order structures?

a) The laws of thermodynamics do not apply to living

organisms.

b) Living organisms create order by recycling and reusing

energy from the sun.

c) Living organisms create order locally, but the energy

transformations generate waste heat that increases the

entropy of the universe.

2)Are most chemical reactions in living cells at equilibrium?

a) yes

c) only the exergonic reactions

d) all reactions except those powered by ATP hydrolysis

2)Are most chemical reactions in living cells at equilibrium?

a) yes

c) only the exergonic reactions

d) all reactions except those powered by ATP hydrolysis

3)A reaction has a ∆G of –5.6 kcal/mol. Which of the following would most likely be true?

a) The reaction could be coupled to power an endergonic

reaction with a ∆G of +8.8 kcal/mol.

b) The reaction is nonspontaneous.

c) To take place, the reaction would need to couple to ATP

hydrolysis.

d) The reaction would result in products with a greater free-

energy content than in the initial reactants.

e) The reaction would proceed by itself but might be very

3)A reaction has a ∆G of –5.6 kcal/mol. Which of the following would most likely be true?

a) The reaction could be coupled to power an endergonic

reaction with a ∆G of +8.8 kcal/mol.

b) The reaction is nonspontaneous.

c) To take place, the reaction would need to couple to ATP

hydrolysis.

d) The reaction would result in products with a greater free-

energy content than in the initial reactants.

e) The reaction would proceed by itself but might be very

4)The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is highly exergonic: ∆G = –636 kcal/mole. This is spontaneous, but why is it very slow?

a) Few glucose and oxygen molecules have the activation

energy at room temperature.

b) There is too much CO2 in the air.

c) CO2 has higher energy than glucose.

d) The formation of six CO2 molecules from one glucose

molecule decreases entropy.

e) The water molecules quench the reaction.

4)The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is highly exergonic: ∆G = –636 kcal/mole. This is spontaneous, but why is it very slow?

a) Few glucose and oxygen molecules have the activation

energy at room temperature.

b) There is too much CO2 in the air.

c) CO2 has higher energy than glucose.

d) The formation of six CO2 molecules from one glucose

molecule decreases entropy.

e) The water molecules quench the reaction.

5)In the energy diagram, what is the difference between the red and black curves?

a) The red curve is for a

reaction powered by

ATP hydrolysis.

b) The black curve occurs

at higher temperature.

c) The red curve is

catalyzed by an

enzyme.

d) The black curve has a

higher activation energy.

e) c and d

5)In the energy diagram, what is the difference between the red and black curves?

a) The red curve is for a

reaction powered by

ATP hydrolysis.

b) The black curve occurs

at higher temperature.

c) The red curve is

catalyzed by an

enzyme.

d) The black curve has a

higher activation energy.

e) c and d

6)Vioxx and other prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are potent inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. High substrate concentrations reduce the efficacy of inhibition by these drugs. These drugs are a) competitive inhibitors.

b) noncompetitive inhibitors.

c) allosteric regulators.

d) prosthetic groups.

e) feedback inhibitors.

6)Vioxx and other prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are potent inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. High substrate concentrations reduce the efficacy of inhibition by these drugs. These drugs are a) competitive inhibitors.

b) noncompetitive inhibitors.

c) allosteric regulators.

d) prosthetic groups.

e) feedback inhibitors.

7)How does the flow of energy through life differ from the flow of matter through life?

a) Matter can be recycled, while some energy is always

converted to unusable forms like heat.

b) Matter is brought into life from outside, while energy is

generated from within life.

c) Life is able to convert energy into matter, through

photosynthesis.

d) Matter is conserved, while life causes energy to be lost over

e) Life uses the flow of matter to keep its energy state

unbalanced.

7)How does the flow of energy through life differ from the flow of matter through life?

a) Matter can be recycled, while some energy is always

converted to unusable forms like heat.

b) Matter is brought into life from outside, while energy is

generated from within life.

c) Life is able to convert energy into matter, through

photosynthesis.

d) Matter is conserved, while life causes energy to be lost over

e) Life uses the flow of matter to keep its energy state

unbalanced.

8)The form of energy that is most often least useful to life is energy in

a) concentration gradients.

b) electrical gradients.

c) differences between distinct forms of molecules.

d) the form of heat.

e) electromagnetic radiation.

8)The form of energy that is most often least useful to life is energy in

a) concentration gradients.

b) electrical gradients.

c) differences between distinct forms of molecules.

d) the form of heat.

e) electromagnetic radiation.

9)For the reaction shown, which statement is true?

a) The greater the activation

energy barrier, the slower

the reaction rate.

b) The less energy released

when products form, the

slower the reaction rate.

c) The more types of

reactants involved in the

reaction, the faster the

reaction.

d) The higher the net ∆G

of the reaction, the faster the reaction rate.

e) The more bonds altered by the reaction, the faster the

reaction rate.

9)For the reaction shown, which statement is true?

a) The greater the activation

energy barrier, the slower

the reaction rate.

b) The less energy released

when products form, the

slower the reaction rate.

c) The more types of

reactants involved in the

reaction, the faster the

reaction.

d) The higher the net ∆G

of the reaction, the faster the reaction rate.

e) The more bonds altered by the reaction, the faster the

reaction rate.

10)The combination of ATP with water, leading to the formation of ADP and free inorganic phosphate ion,

a) has a very large ∆G compared to other reactions occurring in

b) is an exergonic reaction due to the energy stored in the

bonds of the water molecule.

c) has neither the smallest nor the largest ∆G seen in reactions

in life.

d) will occur rapidly even in the absence of a specific enzyme.

e) has a very small ∆G compared to other reactions occurring in

10)The combination of ATP with water, leading to the formation of ADP and free inorganic phosphate ion,

a) has a very large ∆G compared to other reactions occurring in

b) is an exergonic reaction due to the energy stored in the

bonds of the water molecule.

c) has neither the smallest nor the largest ∆G seen in

reactions in life.

d) will occur rapidly even in the absence of a specific enzyme.

e) has a very small ∆G compared to other reactions occurring in

11)How are the effects of feedback inhibition and allosteric factors similar to how enzymes often couple reactions?

a) All can drive an endergonic reaction forward by their

exergonic energy changes.

b) All often involve inducing structural changes in the enzyme,

influencing its activities.

c) Permanent changes are made to the item(s) bound by the

enzyme in each case.

d) All lead to the formation of new covalent bonds in the

enzyme.

e) All can lower the activation energy barrier and speed the rate

of a reaction.

11)How are the effects of feedback inhibition and allosteric factors similar to how enzymes often couple reactions?

a) All can drive an endergonic reaction forward by their

exergonic energy changes.

b) All often involve inducing structural changes in the

enzyme, influencing its activities.

c) Permanent changes are made to the item(s) bound by the

enzyme in each case.

d) All lead to the formation of new covalent bonds in the

enzyme.

e) All can lower the activation energy barrier and speed the rate

of a reaction.

12)A change in the coding region of a gene can lead to a new allele for that gene. Which property of the protein, coded for by this new allele, could be changed as a result?

a) its affinity for its substrate

b) the amino acid sequence in it

c) its ability to be affected by allosteric factors

d) the pH that is optimal for its activity

e) All of the above could be altered by mutations.

12)A change in the coding region of a gene can lead to a new allele for that gene. Which property of the protein, coded for by this new allele, could be changed as a result?

a) its affinity for its substrate

b) the amino acid sequence in it

c) its ability to be affected by allosteric factors

d) the pH that is optimal for its activity

e) All of the above could be altered by mutations.

13)What would happen to cytoplasmic enzyme activity inside a cell with a normal cytoplasmic pH of 7.2 if you injected a chemical that would change the pH to 4.0?

a) Little or no change would occur.

b) Enzymes would probably denature.

c) Enzymatic activity would decline.

d) Enzymes would start to add ATP to all reactions.

e) b and c

13)What would happen to cytoplasmic enzyme activity inside a cell with a normal cytoplasmic pH of 7.2 if you injected a chemical that would change the pH to 4.0?

a) Little or no change would occur.

b) Enzymes would probably denature.

c) Enzymatic activity would decline.

d) Enzymes would start to add ATP to all reactions.

e) b and c

14)Which cellular location might contain many enzymatic activities?

a) mitochondrion

b) vacuole

c) cytoplasm

d) nucleus

e) all of the above

14)Which cellular location might contain many enzymatic activities?

a) mitochondrion

b) vacuole

c) cytoplasm

d) nucleus

e) all of the above

15)A friend is designing an industrial process around an endergonic biological reaction. You recommend finding a way to provide

a) ATP.

b) minerals.

c) a lower pH.

d) a plasma membrane.

e) mitochondria.

15)A friend is designing an industrial process around an endergonic biological reaction. You recommend finding a way to provide

a) ATP.

b) minerals.

c) a lower pH.

d) a plasma membrane.

e) mitochondria.

16)A friend tells you that his hamster has reached equilibrium. You

a) send a sympathy card since the hamster is dead.

b) congratulate your friend on teaching the hamster a trick.

c) say that the hamster must produce lots of ATP.

16)A friend tells you that his hamster has reached equilibrium. You

a) send a sympathy card since the hamster is dead.

b) congratulate your friend on teaching the hamster a trick.

c) say that the hamster must produce lots of ATP.

17)What can cause a reaction to occur spontaneously?

a) –∆G

b) –∆S

c) +∆H

d) ∆T

17)What can cause a reaction to occur spontaneously?

a) –∆G

b) –∆S

c) +∆H

d) ∆T

18)If you saw a ball spontaneously roll uphill without any extra input, this would be like

a) ATP being spontaneously synthesized from ADP and Pi.

b) ADP appearing from nothing.

c) ATP concentration increasing with the action of mitochondria.

d) a or c

18)If you saw a ball spontaneously roll uphill without any extra input, this would be like

a) ATP being spontaneously synthesized from ADP and Pi.

b) ADP appearing from nothing.

c) ATP concentration increasing with the action of mitochondria.

d) a or c

chapter 4: carbon and the molecular diversity of life #1-15

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