Chapter 4 The Road to Chapter 4 The Road to IndependenceIndependence

The French & Indian WarThe French & Indian War

Twenty years before the Twenty years before the American Revolution, France American Revolution, France

and Britain's struggle for North and Britain's struggle for North America sparked the first America sparked the first

world war.  Called the French world war.  Called the French and Indian War, it would and Indian War, it would

change the face of America, change the face of America, especially for the American especially for the American Indians and the colonists.Indians and the colonists.

French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War

Who - British & their Who - British & their colonists vs. French & colonists vs. French & their Indian Allies.their Indian Allies.

When - 1754-1763When - 1754-1763 Where - North America Where - North America

& Europe& Europe

**How would this **How would this conflict lead to the conflict lead to the Revolution…Revolution…

Rivalry Between Britain and FranceRivalry Between Britain and France

Rivalry between 2 Rivalry between 2 nations began as soon nations began as soon as Britain and France as Britain and France began to explore and began to explore and colonize in N. colonize in N. AmericaAmerica

Colonization Colonization locations of each locations of each would lead to trouble.would lead to trouble.

Rivalry between Britain & FranceRivalry between Britain & France

FranceFrance France's influence in France's influence in

North America was North America was tied to the fur trade -- tied to the fur trade --

they set up trading they set up trading posts in Canada and posts in Canada and

around the Great around the Great Lakes, and maintained Lakes, and maintained relationships with the relationships with the

native Indians.  native Indians. 

BritainBritain Meanwhile, British Meanwhile, British

colonists settled colonists settled along the Atlantic along the Atlantic

coast -- pushing the coast -- pushing the American Indians American Indians further inwardfurther inward..

Inevitable conflictInevitable conflict

In the 1750's, France In the 1750's, France and Britain were and Britain were both building both building empires, and came to empires, and came to blows over the land blows over the land between their between their American American settlements -- the settlements -- the Ohio River ValleyOhio River Valley.  . 

G. Washington mapG. Washington map

However, the Indians However, the Indians also called this land also called this land

home, and they home, and they would play a valuable would play a valuable

role in the war by role in the war by tipping the balance of tipping the balance of power in favor of one power in favor of one

of the European of the European empires. empires.

British policies British policies that came out of that came out of

French and French and Indian War like Indian War like

taxation and land taxation and land treaties would treaties would

spark the spark the American American

RevolutionRevolution.  . 

French and Indian ArmyFrench and Indian Army

Strategy - guerrilla warfareStrategy - guerrilla warfare The Indians were mostly on The Indians were mostly on

the French side since they the French side since they made friends with French made friends with French trappers.trappers.

French did not destroy Indian French did not destroy Indian landland

French-Indian side won a lot French-Indian side won a lot of battles fought in the of battles fought in the wildernesswilderness

The British ArmyThe British Army Majority of British army Majority of British army

consisted of British soldiers.consisted of British soldiers. European style of warfare European style of warfare

proved unsuccessful in North proved unsuccessful in North America.America.

Gen. Braddock said on his Gen. Braddock said on his deathbed the British would deathbed the British would have to adapt new ways to be have to adapt new ways to be successfulsuccessful

Did not have the support of Did not have the support of Indians b/c of past history.Indians b/c of past history.

George WashingtonGeorge Washington

Meanwhile, the war Meanwhile, the war would also provide a would also provide a training ground for training ground for one of the United one of the United States' greatest States' greatest leaders -- George leaders -- George Washington.  Washington. 

George Washington George Washington

Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of Union Met in Albany, New York in 1754Met in Albany, New York in 1754 Delegates suggested that the American colonies form Delegates suggested that the American colonies form

an alliance with the Iroquois. an alliance with the Iroquois. Another plan of the meeting was to work out a Another plan of the meeting was to work out a

unified war effort in the northern colonies.unified war effort in the northern colonies. Ben Franklin called for a grand council of delegates Ben Franklin called for a grand council of delegates

from each colony to work together. Passed by the from each colony to work together. Passed by the delegates, rejected by the colonies who feared too delegates, rejected by the colonies who feared too much power with central government.much power with central government.

The Albany Plan of Union was the first suggestion The Albany Plan of Union was the first suggestion that the colonies unite to form a federal government.that the colonies unite to form a federal government.

The War…France wins earlyThe War…France wins early

British commander in chief, General British commander in chief, General Edward Braddock, appointed George Edward Braddock, appointed George Washington to serve as his aide. In 1755 Washington to serve as his aide. In 1755 French and Indian forces ambushed the French and Indian forces ambushed the British near Ft. Duquense. Washington’s British near Ft. Duquense. Washington’s leadership saved the British form disaster. leadership saved the British form disaster. For the next 2 years, the French and Indian For the next 2 years, the French and Indian war was fought on the frontier.war was fought on the frontier.

... Soon their confidence ... Soon their confidence would be replaced by would be replaced by panic and terror. General panic and terror. General Braddock himself had Braddock himself had four horses shot out from four horses shot out from under him, he fell with the under him, he fell with the fifth, mortally wounded. fifth, mortally wounded. The battle was lost. The battle was lost. Tattered remnants of Tattered remnants of Braddock’s army fled Braddock’s army fled back across the river. back across the river. Braddock, badly bleeding, Braddock, badly bleeding, was loaded with two other was loaded with two other wounded officers and wounded officers and taken from the battle taken from the battle ground, He died within ground, He died within days of the battle.days of the battle.

The War…Goes GlobalThe War…Goes Global

In 1756 fighting between Britain and France In 1756 fighting between Britain and France spread to Europe and became known as the spread to Europe and became known as the Seven Years’ War. Britian’s allies fought the Seven Years’ War. Britian’s allies fought the French in Europe. Britain’s Prime Minister French in Europe. Britain’s Prime Minister William Pitt sent most of Britain’s forces to William Pitt sent most of Britain’s forces to North America and India to fight the FrenchNorth America and India to fight the French

More about William PittMore about William Pitt

William Pitt is often William Pitt is often credited with securing credited with securing Britain’s leading position Britain’s leading position as a colonial power as a colonial power through victory in the F/I through victory in the F/I war. Pitt insisted on huge war. Pitt insisted on huge expenditures as well as expenditures as well as young bright generals to young bright generals to fortify his armyfortify his army

The War…Britain takes control!The War…Britain takes control!Battle of QuebecBattle of Quebec

September 1759, the war took a dramatic and decisive September 1759, the war took a dramatic and decisive turn on the Plains of Abraham just outside Quebec. turn on the Plains of Abraham just outside Quebec. Under the cover of night, British troops under General Under the cover of night, British troops under General Wolfe scaled the high cliffs that protected the city. In a Wolfe scaled the high cliffs that protected the city. In a short battle, but deadly battle the British won.short battle, but deadly battle the British won.

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris in The Treaty of Paris in

1763 ended the 1763 ended the French and Indian French and Indian War and forced War and forced France to relinquish France to relinquish to Great Britain all to Great Britain all her lands extending her lands extending westward to the westward to the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.