Chapter(43(–(The(Immune(System(–(Study(Guide((

1. What'are'pathogens?'''2. What'is'the'most'basic'defense'against'pathogens?''''''3. If'barrier'defenses'are'breached,'what'must'an'animal’s'immune'system'do'to'begin'the'fight'' against'pathogens'within'the'body?''''4. What'is'innate'immunity?''''5. What'is'acquired'immunity?'

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6. Comparing'innate'immunity'and'acquired'immunity,'what'are'their'relative'speeds'of'response'' and'ranges'of'recognition?'''7. List'three'barrier'defenses:'''8. List'the'four'innate'internal'defenses:'''9. What'is'the'function'of'a'Toll'receptor'in'invertebrates?''''10. In'mammals,'what'is'a'TLR'and'what'is'its'function?''''11. What'is'a'neutrophil?'''12. What'are'macrophages?''Where'do'they'reside?'''

13. What'is'the'role'of'an'eosinophil?''''14. What'are'dentritic'cells?''''15. What'are'interferons?''''16. How'does'the'complement'system'fight'infection?''''17. Describe'the'inflammatory'response:'''''''18. What'do'natural'killer'cells'do?''

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19. What'are'some'examples'of'adaptations'that'pathogens'may'have'to'avoid'destruction'by'' phagocytic'cells?' ''''

20. What'are'the'two'types'of'lymphocytes?''Where'do'all'lymphocytes'originate'from?''Where'do'' the'two'types'mature?''''

21. 'What'is'immunological'memory?''''

22. What'are'cytokines?'''

23. What'is'an'antigen?'''

24. Approximately'how'many'antigen'receptors'are'on'a'typical'B'or'T'cell?''How'many'types'of'' receptors'are'on'a'single'T'or'B'lymphocyte?''''

25. What'is'an'epitope?''Explain'how'the'body’s'lymphocytes'display'specificity'for'a'particular'' epitope?'''''

26. Label'the'following'diagram:''

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27. What'is'the'main'role'of'an'MHC'(major'histocompatibility'complex)?'''

28. On'what'types'of'cells'are'Class'I'MHC’s'found?''Where'do'the'antigens'they'present'come'' from?''What'type'of'cell'recognizes'the'Class'I'MHC’s'displayed'antigen'and'how'does'it'respond?'''''

29. Answer'the'same'questions'from'#28'above'with'regard'to'Class'II'MHC'molecules.''''

30. How'can'one'account'for'the'1'million'different'B'cells'and'10'million'different'T'cells'each'person'' has'despite'the'fact'that'there'are'only'20,500'protein[coding'genes'in'the'human'genome?'''''

31. What'is'self[tolerance?''What'happens'to'immature'self[reactive'lymphocytes'to'prevent'them'' from'reacting'with'self'epitopes?''''

32. If'there'are'so'few'lymphocytes'that'have'the'receptors'for'a'specific'presented'antigen,'how'can'' the'acquired'immune'response'be'so'effective?''(What'happens'to'a'lymphocyte'that'has'been'' triggered'by'the'binding'of'an'antigen?)'''''

33. What'is'clonal'selection?''Describe'the'two'types'of'clones'that'are'formed'from'activated'B'or'T'' cells.''''

34. Describe'the'primary'immune'response.''''

35. Describe'the'secondary'immune'response.'''''

36. What'is'humoral'immune'response?''''

37. What'is'cell[mediated'immune'response?''''

38. What'is'the'function'of'the'CD4'protein'on'helper[T'cells?''''

39. What'is'the'function'of'the'CD8'surface'proteins'on'cytotoxic'T'cells?''''

40. *Give'an'example'of'how'monoclonal'antibodies'are'useful'for'tagging'specific'molecules.''''

41. Label'the'following'diagram:''

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42. Label'the'following'diagram:''

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43. *What'is'the'suggested'relationship'between'cancer'and'the'immune'system?'''

44. Label'the'following'diagram:'

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45. Label'the'following'diagram:'

'46. Describe'three'antibody[mediated'mechanisms'of'antigen'disposal.'''''

47. Compare'and'contrast'active'and'passive'immunity.''''

48. How'can'active'and'passive'immunity'be'artificially'induced?'''

49. Describe'two'examples'of'immune'rejection.''''

50. What'are'four'examples'of'exaggerated,'self[directed,'and'diminished'immune'responses?''''

51. What'are'three'examples'of'how'pathogens'can'evade'(or'attack)'the'acquired'immune'system?'