Chapter 5

Structure Class Words

Chapter 5: Grammar Safari

Find a ‘real-life’ error involving one of the structures discussed in the text Identify the problem Show us both the problem & correction

Example: I love deserts, but pie we had was terrible.

P: Definite, countable nouns require articles C: “… but the pie we had was terrible.”

Form-Class vs. Structure-Class

Form Classes Structure Classes

(Chapter 4) DeterminersAuxiliariesQualifiersPrepositions ConjunctionsPronounsRelativesInterrogatives

NounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbs

Compare…

Glob ostriches ate larm drank plonk glob baffled lion.

The androokers plurked and urkled beside the broofled lumphet.

Which is easier to make sense of?

What does this tell us about form vs. structure classes?

Articles: Small but Important…

How Many Articles?

A. 2B. 4

C. 6

D. 8

What do articles do,

grammatically?

Determiners

Traditional Definition Usually only talk about articles (a, an,

the)

Linguistic definition signals a NOUN is on it’s way gives grammatical information about the

coming noun Ø, a, an, the, some, few, much, many,

this, that, these, those, my, Dave’s, etc.

Determiners: Function I got ______ sand in my shoe.

Øsomethe * a

c.f. “Count” vs. “Non-count” Shift in meaning: this, Joe’s…

Grouping by Meaning…

? Katie went to ? Greenville. ? dogs are good ? pets. Katie is ? dog.

Try to use: Ø, a, an, the, some, few, much, many, this, that, these, those, my, Dave’s, etc.

Which does NOT fit?

Katie is ? dog.

A. aB. myC. someD. those

- Why? - What information

does the determiner provide?

? Katie went to ? Greenville…

Determiners tell us about NOUNs Count vs. non-count Possession Quantity Location relative to speaker

Actual or metaphorical/emotional… Specific (known) vs. generic (unknown)

AKA: Definite & Indefinite; Old & New

Determiners vs. Adjectives Determiners

No prefixes/suffixes Fixed positions with the noun Rarely added or deleted from a language

Adjectives (Review from Chpt 4)

Can change form Occur in attributive or complement positions Come & go naturally and regularly in language

nerdy, phat, seniorish…

DET // Demonstrative ADJ

This, That, These, Those…

Our Text: Determiners

Many School Texts: Demonstrative Adjectives Answer “which one”

Find the Determiners

The third time someone’s phone rang

in the middle of the night, Herb lost

his temper.

(you should also be able to tell what

information they give about the noun)

Exercise 5.1

How Many Determiners?

The community can’t provide enough water for more houses on this land.

A. 2B. 4

C. 6

D. 8

What are they doing

grammatically?

Diagramming Determiners

pipum

pkin

A

Just like adjectives…

A Pumpkin Pi Tree

NP

Det Adj N

A pumpkin pi

Form vs. Structure… Cont’d

Form Class Structure Class

Lexical MeaningGrammatical Meaning

Often add Morphemes

Rarely add Morphemes

Open-Class (virtually unlimited)

Closed-Class (relatively few)

Relatively free appearance (function)

Linked with certain word categories

5.2 & 5.3

Diagrams & Trees

Enough friends His friends All my friends Their only other friends

ESL Awareness… Subconscious grammar rules ≠ English

Spanglish, Chinglish, etc. may result

Examples: *Me bought a car red (≈ Hispanic) *I bought car from car dealer (≈ Chinese)

What can you infer about Spanish Adj’s? --- about Chinese articles?

Any Questions…

…before we move on?

Qualifiers

AKA: Intensifiers… Often treated as a sub-class

of ADV…

http://screencast.com/t/kSOxghl7dqA

Know a Qualifier...

Test frame sentence: The handsome man seems ___

handsome

Modifies (increasing or decreasing…) noun adjective adverb prepositional phrase (only a few

qualifiers)

Find the Qualifier (which balloon?)

A B CD

Qualifier Usage

Dialectal Wicked

Informal Really

Formal Quite Rather

Are “totally” and “all” qualifiers in these contexts?

I. Christine is totally mad at her boyfriend

II. … so she was all like “I told you so.”

A. Neither I nor IIB. Only IC. Only IID. Both I and II

Qualifiers Warning… Part I

Described by one as used when people: “…haven’t decided what to say” “have decided but don’t have the courage to stand

behind it” “simply feel the need to clear their throat in the

middle of a sentence” Examples:

He’s like twenty Manning is arguably the best quarterback in the NFL

Yagoda, 2007

Word Search…

Count the determiners, auxiliary verbs and qualifiers below

Perhaps if you had not killed off

the hero so quickly in the first

chapter, you would have found it

easier to continue with your

novel… Exercise 5.6

A. 1B. 2

C. 3 D. 4

Any Questions…

…before we move on?

Prepositions

“Prepositions are the nerves and ligaments of all discourse”

The English Accidence qtd in Yagoda, 2007

Prepositions on YouTube…

Grammar Rock: Prepositions (simplified, but nostalgic)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4jIC5HLBdM

Some Professor Dude… (NOT ME… Accurate, detailed, & boring…)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlGJ6FsnhDQ&feature=related

Prepositions (& prepositional phrases)

It was Mr. Plum After supper In the library With the hammer For the sweet revenge

Think about it… How do prepositions appear in

sentences? What purpose(s) do they serve?

Prepositions

Sets up a phrase with a nominal with a friend, on the couch,

throughout the summer, etc

Tells location of a nominal with, on, after, by, against, etc Physically, Metaphorically or Temporally

… …Squirrel & Hollow Log …Bird & a Cloud…

Preposition Puppy

Preposition or Adverb?

I. He walked along the road. II. They all sang along.

(Hint: If there is no object, it can’t be a preposition)

A. I = Adv… II = Preposition

B. I & II - Both AdverbsC. I & II - Both PrepositionsD. I = Preposition… II =

Adv

Diagramming Prepositions

Remember: Nouns go on flat lines Words that modify go on slanted lines…

along

theroad

Tree-ing

PP

Prep NP

Det N

along the road

Prepositional Phrases As… Our visitors had a dog with big teeth. A dog with a hungry look in his eyes.

They strolled along the river. They went after sunset. Without fear, they wandered about

listening to music.

The band was out of this world!

More Diagramming

Nouns go on flat lines Words that modify go on slanted lines…

dog

a with

a hungry

look

in eyes

his

Even More Diagramming

The band was out of this world.

_world_

band was \

this

out of___

Use Pedestals for phrases that fill a main slot: Subj, Verb, Obj…

the_

FYI

ID the Prepositional Phrase

Adj or Adv?

A. AdjB. AdvC. NeitherD. Both

Dangling Preposition…

MYTH: Never end a sentence with a preposition.

The company of which he was the president

The company he was president of. Dance with the partner you came with Dance with the partner with whom you

came

What makes the difference?

Compare These

Roppolo could not find any conclusive evidence to the first usage of the word blue with this meaning. We do not know from where it comes.

The word wicked usually has different meanings because of where we come from.

Focus on final preposition…

Other Prepositional Dangers

The challenges of adapting a highly read novel into a film successfully is difficult to do in two hours of screen time.

Subject-Verb agreement – likely caused by intervening prepositional phrases…

Grammar Guide Suggestion Target 10% prepositions in your writing To reduce prepositions:

Delete: …vice president of the corporation

Simplify … is the owner of…

Replace … did it with style the coat of the model

Any Questions…

…before we move on?

Phrasal Verbs

AKA: Two word verbs Idioms “Combination of words that cannot be

predicted from the meaning of their parts”

Look up a word in the dictionary… Sit out this round… Verbal Particles: up, out, etc.

Verb Particles or Prepositions? Oscar looked up the road

before he turned into his driveway. Oscar looked up the spelling of a

word before he turned in his paper.

Tests: Meaning Moveability (particle can often be moved)

Phrasal Verbs: Diagrams & Trees

Oscar looked up spelling…

Phrasal verbs are just verbs…

the_

S

NP V NP

Oscar looked up …

Phrasal Verb?

A. Yes

B. No

A. 1B. 2

C. 3 D. 4

How many phrasal verbs?

Choosing Verbs

Why should we care about verbs? What about phrasal verbs?

The legislature turned down the proposal

The legislature rejected the proposal What about common verbs?

Be, have, do, say, make, go, take, come, see , get…

Any Questions…

… before we move on?

How many of the following are here?

Pronoun, Preposition, Adverb or Particle?

Jim complained bitterly when he learned that Alice had signed him up for next week’s log-splitting contest.

Seeing a snake slithering slowly over the bank out of sight into the underbrush, I decided to put off going for a walk in the woods after all.

A. 2B. 3

C. 4 D. 5

Pronouns

Traditional Definition Substitute for a noun

Linguistic Definition Substitute for any Noun Phrase or

nominal

Hobbes’ Definition

How many pronouns are here? A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4

Pronouns May I have that in context, please

Subcategories Person 1st (I), 2nd (you), 3rd (s/he), neuter (it)

singular I, you, h/sheplural we you, they

Case Subject I, you, s/heObject me, you,him,

her Possessive

Fill in the Pronoun Grid

Subject Object Possessive Reflexive

malefemaleneuter

3rd Person

Singular

Plural

1st Person

SingularPlural2nd Person

SingularPlural

Check Your AnswersSubject Object Possessive Reflexive

I me my myself

we us our ourselves

yourself

yourselves

male he him his himself

female she her her herself

neuter it it its itself

they them their (theirs) themselves

3rd Person

Singular

Plural

1st Person

SingularPlural2nd Person

Singular your

(yours)Pluralyou you

Do You Object, (pronominally)?

Strategies for finding the ‘SAE’ choice Rule based: Subject/object Instinctive: Singularize

Because both he/him and I/me were late for class, neither of us heard the news.

Our friends in Hickory want Yuan and I/me to spend the holidays with them.

Exercise 5.8

Is This OK?

Mom bought soda for Kelly and I.

A. Yes

B. No

Common Pronoun Error

Hillary Clinton speaking in Florida:(5/08)

The people who voted did nothing wrong and it would be wrong to punish you.

Hint: The pronoun must agree with its antecedent

Time to Reflect Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselves Himself Herself Themselves Itself

The antecedent should appear in the same sentence as the reflexive pronoun…

}

Is this OK?

A. Yes

B. No

Other Pronoun Problems

1. When a student 2. attends a local college, 3. they can live happily 4. and inexpensively at home.

There’s a problem in line:

• 1• 2 • 3• 4

Indefinite Pronouns Examples: one, someone, everyone,

anybody, etc (Dual Roles: any, none, another, etc)

Beware agreement issues: Somebody always forgets to do their homework.

Sexist Language

Examples: * Everyone finished his homework * A dog is man’s best friend

For a single instance: Everyone finished his/her homework The cake was great. Everyone finished

it! For multiple occurrences: ______

All the students finished their homework

You Tell Me…

1. Mothers are often told to let their children2. listen to classical music to improve his3. future learning, so it seems like a possible4. benefit for those learning a new language.

Hint: It’s NOT just

the sexist style…

1. Find the Error2. Explain it3. Fix it

There’s a problem in line:

• 1• 2 • 3• 4

Just read this for now… We’ll analyze some of it later…

How Many Pronouns?

A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9

Pronoun Safari (Part II)

“11 pronouns” Label: S, O, or Possessive

Any Questions…

…before we move on?

Coordinating Conjunctions

And, but, or, nor, so, yet, for * Join two equal elements

Words Over and under the hill

Phrases Over the river and through the woods

Clauses You come down, for I’m going to your

house…

*Typically join sentences…

Find the Conjunctions: What is joined?

Correlative Conjunctions

Also join two equal parts Join with emphasis…

Both… and Either… or Neither… nor Not only… but also

Diagramming Conjunctions

Oscar looked up

Conjunctions branch the diagram

the_

the_

meaning

spelling

an

d

FYI

To Comma or Not to Comma?

Joining units w/ a Coordinating Conjunction Two full sentences Comma Two words or phrases NO comma

Three or more words or phrases Comma after all before the conjunction (not a definite rule, but playing it safe)

My aunt McGuillicutty went on a picnic and took: an apple, a banana, some cherries, a donut, and an egg.

You Tell Me…

“Sometimes people are just trying to make their mark. Just like there are select words that only certain people you know say.”

1. Find the Error2. Explain it3. Fix it

Conjunctive Adverbs Yep, we’ve got some.

Furthermore, you may want to take a look at pages 133-135 for more info.

In the meantime, we will proceed to subordinating conjunctions…

Remember, ADVs that modify full sentences get commas…

Subordinate Clauses Dependent S & V, but can’t stand alone Usually function as Adverbials…

I never eat cookies while I make slidesthough I’d like to…

Subordinating Conjunctions Create complex sentences Join UNEQUAL elements

• If • Since• Though•Although • Before • While…

To Comma or Not to Comma…

Comma If the subordinate clause comes at the

beginning of a sentence Though I’d like to, I never eat cookies

while I make slides. No Comma

If the subordinate clause comes later I never eat cookies while I make slides.

Subordination in Action…

A B C D

Preposition or Subordinating Conjunction?

I. Since you insist, I’ll let you do four papers…

II. Pavarotti drank lemon tea before each concert.

(5.10)

A. I = Prep … II = Subj. Conjunct.

B. I & II – Both Subj. Conjunct.C. I & II - Both PrepositionsD. I = Subj. Conjunct… II =

Prep.

Get Some More Exercise

List and identify the conjunctions: Although Joe liked the pizza, he

picked off all the broccoli and olives.

(5.11)

How Many Conjunctions? We warned Alice against painting her

living room black, but she insisted it would look dramatic. When she couldn’t stand it anymore, we helped her repaint it in a lighter color even though she hadn’t listened to our warnings. A. 1

B. 2C. 3D. 4

Even More Exercise!

Find and Correct errors: Joe’s car had a flat tire, a policeman

stopped and helped him change it. He wondered if police help is under

publicized. Joe typically stayed away from the

police he had heard some horror stories before.

(5.12)

Any Questions…

…before we move on?

Relatives Connect dependent clauses… Require antecedents… Relative Pronouns:

Who, whom, whose, which, that Usually function as Adjectivals

Relative Adverbials: Where, when, why

The student who scores the highest gets more than 100% on a test or quiz.

Get Some Exercise(5.14)

Underline the relativesCircle the antecedents

There will come a time when you look back on all of this and laugh.

I know someone who has written a book on the Yoruba language.

To Comma or Not to Comma No Comma

If the relative clause is crucial to the main message of the sentence

I know someone who has written a book on the Yoruba language.

Comma If the relative clause adds ‘extra’

information we could live without Desire, whose father is king of his tribe, has

written a book on his native Yoruba language

To Comma or Not to Comma

Since the word wicked has so many different meanings it can be used in any part of speech.

A. Yes

B. No

Interrogatives Who, which, what, where,

why, when, & how Begin questions (direct and indirect) No antecedents May substitute for

Subject Determiner Adverb Adjective (etc.)

Exercise(5.15)

Underline the interrogatives and double underline the relatives & associated phrases. Circle the antecedent of each relative.

Whoever owns that Jaguar, which has been sitting there for weeks, ought to move it!

For whom did you make the pie that is on the table?

Lois is one of those people who can never remember where they put their keys.

Find the ErrorA. A Chinese woman

looks at a street art installation on display in Beijing, China, Thursday, Oct. 5, 2006.

B. China's art scene is becoming popular among foreign art collectors push prices ever higher.

Now Identify these Clauses:

Overly Claused…

In this ever changing world in which we live in

Paul McCartney

Any Questions…

…before we move on…(to the last section in 252!)

Participial Phrases A participle (-ing or -en form of the verb w/o an

auxiliary) and all its modifiers Often looks like a reduced relative clause Often functions as an adjectival Examples

A rolling stone gathers no moss The students studying for the exam are

hungry.

Participial Problems The subject of the sentence should be the subject

of the participial phrase (If it’s not, you have a ‘dangling participle’…)

Bad Examples: *Having worked hard all weekend, the project was

finished. (the project worked hard)

*Eating an apple, a worm stuck its head out. (the worm is eating the apple)

Good Example: Named outstanding grammar student of the year, Jane

Doe accepted the award. (Jane was the outstanding student & accepted the award)

Participial in Action…

The participial here is:

• Adjectival• Adverbial(Choose one…)

To Comma or Not to Comma Participials are like Relatives:

Comma: If the participial comes at the beginning

(prev. slide) If the participial is unnecessary

“My daughter, complaining bitterly, went to bed.”

No comma: If the participial is necessary

“The girl wearing red is my daughter.”

Tree Structures & Diagrams

S

NP VP

Art N V Adv

The students areupstairs

Students are__The

upstairs

You tell me… Why use Trees? Why use diagrams? What are some similarities between them?

Review Exercises

Really good stuff on pages 146 – 148

& don’t ignore the regular exercises even though we brushed through several in these slides…