Chapter 5 Motivation and Emotion

•What do you think motivation means?

•If you needed to motivate the members of a team or club to which you belong , what would you do, and why? What results would you expect?

•Listen to song

Introduction to Motivation• For over a century, psychologists have searched for roots of

behavior, attempting to understand why we do what we do. • This quest to understand motivation—the need or desire

energizing and moving behavior toward a goal. •At Ground zero, Rescue workers raised the American flag at

the site to WTC devastation in New York City.•What did this same about America as a whole? •What do you think motivated the hijackers?

Instincts and Drives• Instincts—we all have them!• An instinct is an inherited (unlearned), preprogrammed, complex

behavior occurring throughout a species. •Many psychologists tried to determine how many we actually have. • The number eventually swelled to over 10,000!• Still searching for a way to explain motivation, psychologists looked at

drives.• Drives are states of tension from an internal imbalance.• Consider hunger, for example. • Skipping breakfast creates an internal physiological need for food,

which leads to a psychological drive.

•Drive-reduction theory is the idea that a physiological need creates a state of tension (a drive) motivating an organism to satisfy that need. • Eating and drinking are drive-reducing behaviors. • Eating reduces the hunger drive, and drinking reduces the

thirst drive. • Like instinct theory, drive-reduction theory did not

produce the explanations of motivation many had hoped for.

Arousal Theories • It’s Friday night, and you’re sitting at a fast-food restaurant with three friends

who have registered to take the same college entrance exam. • Friend A: “you know, I don’t really care about the test. I’m going to trade

school, and I’m only taking the test because my parents want to. Can I have some of your fries?”• Friend B: “I want to do well, but if I screw up on this test, it’s not going to

permanently ruin my life. I’ll give it my best shot. Where’s the ketchup?”• Friend C: It’s all on the line tomorrow. If I don’t get a good score, it will change

m life forever. . I’m so nervous, I can’t eat.”• Each has a different level of arousal; the brain of each has activated different

levels of alertness. Which stand a better chance of acing the exam?

• Yerkes-Dodson law, would predict a better performance by friend B. • The Yerkes-Dodson law is the principle that arousal helps performance, but

only up to a point. • Arousal theorists states that each of us have an optimal level of stimulation we

like to maintain. • If you optimal level is low, you might go for a quiet walk. If it is high, you might

crank you favorite FM station or enjoy a vigorous workout. • Arousal theorists, explain the motivation behind our behaviors as our attempts

to maintain this optimal level of stimulation.

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•What effect do grades have on the motivation to learn?•How could teachers motivate students to learn without giving grades?

Homeostasis•A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. •Homeostasis regulation focuses on avoiding both deficits and surpluses.

Cognitive Explanations: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. • Cognitive theories examine the role our thoughts play in motivating our behavior. • Extrinsic motivation- is the desire to perform a behavior because of promised

rewards or threats. • Intrinsic motivation- is a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be

effective. • So, if you work at a fast-food restaurant flipping burgers, are you working because

you want the money, or because you’re trying to make the best burger possible?

• Which is better form of motivation? Extrinsic or intrinsic?

Cont. • Research suggests that intrinsic motivation has an edge over

extrinsic motivation, at least in some areas. • For example, intrinsic results in higher achievement , whereas

extrinsic motivation does not. • Primary concern about external awards, is that behaviors

maintained by extrinsic motivation alone may not be effectively sustained once the rewards are removed.

Clinical Explanations• Hierarchy of needs • Abraham Maslow (1970)- recognized that some needs take

priority over others so he designed his hierarchy of needs. • Self-actualization is to actualize one’s abilities and realize one’s

full and unique potential. • Negatives of his hierarchy of needs• Sample size too small, biased on selection of subjects, defined

terms ambiguously, many people do not comform to it.

Achievement • How do psychologists measure achievement motivation?• Clinical psychologists often find themselves treating people who are struggling to

succeed in life. • Achievement motivation- desire for significant accomplishment; for attaining a

high standard. • Henry Murray (1893-1988)- Neo-Freudian who first established the concept of

achievement motivation and also developed important personalizing tools.• People high in achievement motivation persist in the face of difficulty. • They have self-disciplined motivation.

Motivating ourselves and others • Associate your high achievement with positive emotion.• Connect your achievement with your efforts. • Raise your expectations• How can we motivate others to give their best efforts?• Cultivate intrinsic motivation• Attend to individual motives• Set specific, challenging goals• Choose an appropriate leadership style.• Task leadership- goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work,

and focuses attention. • Social leadership- group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates

conflict, and offers support.

Eating disorders• Anorexia nervosa-suffer delusions of being overweight, put

themselves on self-starvation regimes.• Bulimia nervosa-characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of

high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise.

Section 2 Emotion• We all have experienced different emotions. From sadness to happiness. • Emotions- are whole-organism responses, involving physiological arousal,

expressive behaviors, and conflicts. • Physiological activation- increased heart rate as you read good news, and

decreased heart rate when you console a friend.• Expressive behaviors- smiling and pumping your fist after seeing your name,

losing the smile putting an arm around your friend’s shoulder when you notice her name is missing. • Conscious experience- interpreting what it means to be a member, and what it

means to your friend to be left out.

Theories of Emotion• Psychologist William James and Carl Lange proposed theories at the same time. • James-Lange Theory- the theory that our experiences of emotion is our

awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus. • Ex. Fire alarm sounds, you start shaking, you become aware of your shaking, and

you label this reaction as fear. • Walter Canon (James’ son-in-law!) disagreed. • He claimed that our heart races whether we are frightened, angry, or

exhilarated. • Cannon-Band Theory- The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus

simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.

Cognition and Emotion•Which comes first---our thoughts about a situation (our cognitive

appraisal) of our experience of the emotion?• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer developed the two-factor theory.• Two-factor theory is to experience emotion one must be physically

aroused and cognitively label the aroused. • Robert Zajonc- concluded that some emotional reactions involve no

deliberate thinking and cognition is not always necessary. • Richard Lazarus – concluded that some emotional responses do not

require conscious thought.

Fear: A closer look • Your blood is flowing away from organs with momentarily nonessential

functions and coursing toward other body parts you may need more in this emergency. • Your response to dangerous situations is coordinated by autonomic

nervous system. • Autonomic nervous system- the part of the nervous system that controls

the glands and the muscles of the internal organ.

Expression of Emotion• We communicate emotion all the time without saying anything. • Nonverbal communication, body language, is a frequent messenger of our

emotions to others. • Men and women express emotions differently.• North American women smile more, gesture with some expression, have more

expressive faces.• North American men seem to only express anger. • How is this so?• Power is a key issue in interpreting nonverbal communication.• People raised in expressive families, tend to express themselves more than others

who did not.

• Culture also influences how we express emotions and how we interpret emotions of others. • Each culture has its own display rules---cultural guidelines that tell how

and when people may express emotions.• Nevertheless, some basic facial expressions seem to be understood by all

humans, no matter where they live.