chapter 5 safety and health - pbworks · pdf filehigh noise levels can ... earplugs or...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5Chapter 5
Promoting Proper PracticesPromoting Proper Practices
Safety and HealthSafety and Health
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.3
ObjectivesObjectives
� Describe how the workplace environment
influences the safety of individuals working in
an industrial setting.
� Explain how awareness of safety issues in a
situation influences the safety of an individual.
� Identify personal traits that may make an
individual more prone to violate safety
procedures.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.4
ObjectivesObjectives
� Identify general equipment considerations that
influence safe working conditions in the fluid
power industry.
� Describe safety rules that need to be followed
when working with individual hydraulic and
pneumatic components.
� Identify government regulations that influence
safety regulations and practice in the fluid
power industry.
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.5
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Important elements in the prevention of
accidents and cumulative injuries include:
– Good equipment
– Appropriate shop layout
– Satisfactory working conditions
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.6
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Effective machine placement and efficient
work flow reduces employee movement
� This reduces the number of accidents and
injuries
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.7
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� This shop has good lighting, clear aisles, and
clean work areas
Yates Industries, Inc.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.8
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Proper air exchange and circulation in a shop
facility will:
– Protect the general health of all employees
– Reduce accidents through improved attention levels
of workers
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.9
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� High noise levels can cause cumulative hearing
loss and require the use of ear protection by
employees
Reprinted courtesy of Caterpillar, Inc.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.10
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Light intensity requirements depend on the type
of work performed in an area
� General light levels must meet required
standards
� Supplemental light should be supplied for
detailed work
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.11
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Appropriate fire
extinguishers and fire
blankets must be provided
in all shop, training, and
classroom areas
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.12
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Working conditions cause only about 15% of
injuries on the job
� Unsafe acts of employees cause up to 85% of
industrial accidents
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.13
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Personal characteristics can lead to unsafe
actions:
– Lack of job knowledge
– Lack of awareness of the job hazards
– Fear of operating a machine
– Overconfidence in performing an operation
– Impatience with following procedures
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.14
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Concern for job security may cause workers to
risk health or injury
� New workers may duplicate bad habits of
established workers
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.15
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Attention-diverting activities can cause the
accident rate of employees to increase:
– Personal problems
– Conflicts or socialization with fellow employees
– Job dissatisfaction
– Traffic in the work area
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.16
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Providing a work
atmosphere in which
employees understand
and support safety and
health issues is a good
investment by an
employer
Eaton Fluid Power Training
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.17
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Employee safety and health programs must be
supported by top management in order to be
successfully initiated and operated
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.18
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Management can obtain long-term employee
support by offering a program that
systematically:
– Provides safety and health training
– Promotes the use of protective clothing and
equipment
– Establishes emergency care procedures and
disaster plans
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.19
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Training should be provided to all employees
who have jobs that can adversely affect their
safety and health
� Protective gear is used to assure safety and
health of employees who perform jobs or work
in areas where total elimination of risk is
difficult
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.20
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Protective clothing and equipment is commonly used to protect employees in the areas of:
– Hearing
– Sight
– Respiration
– Head
– Feet
– Burn prevention
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.21
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Hearing protection may be in the form of
earplugs or earmuffs.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.22
Workplace/Environmental Workplace/Environmental ConsiderationsConsiderations
� Many operations
require appropriate
eye protection.
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.23
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
� Safety should be promoted by:
– First designing out as many hazards as possible in
equipment and facilities
– Then using employee promotion to reduce the
remaining problems
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.24
� General housekeeping involves:
– Keeping floors and work areas clean
– Proper storage of materials
– Proper storage of tools
� Good housekeeping can greatly reduce
employee accidents and injuries
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.25
� This facility practices good housekeeping
HYDAC Technology Corporation
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.26
� Guards must be installed when hazards cannot
be eliminated from the basic design of the
machine
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.27
� Machine guards can be classified as:
– Fixed enclosures that cover the dangerous area
– Interlocking devices that shut off power to the
machine when danger is exposed
– Automatic devices that push or pull endangered
body parts out of the hazardous area
– Specialized designs, such as those that require
two-hand operation
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.28
� This machine requires two-hand operation
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
Used with permission of CNH America LLC
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.29
� The schematic for a two-handed circuit
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.30
� Systematic equipment maintenance promotes
safety by keeping tools and equipment in good
condition so they can properly function during
routine operation
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.31
� Injuries often occur during the routine handling
of materials
� Workers need to be trained in the proper lifting
of heavy weights to prevent back injuries
� Workers must understand the operation of
complex material handling equipment
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.32
General Industrial Hazard General Industrial Hazard Control ConsiderationsControl Considerations
� Back supports can be
used to help reduce
back injuries.
Ergodyne
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.33
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Fluid power systems should always be
approached as if they are pressurized and ready
for operation
� Compressed gases in a pneumatic system and
the possibility of an accumulator circuit in a
hydraulic system can cause unexpected actuator
movement, even when the system is shut down
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.34
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Workers should always assume a machine is
ready to operate
Yates Industries, Inc.
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.35
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Actuators are generally considered the most
dangerous of the fluid power components
because of the motion they produce
� Selecting the proper actuator and correctly
installing it will improve the safety
performance of a fluid power circuit, as well as
increase system efficiency
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.36
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Actuators are generally
the most dangerous
component in a system
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.37
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Proper sizing, alignment, and guarding of
couplings between a prime mover and a pump
or compressor is important to both the safe
operation and performance of hydraulic and
pneumatic power units
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.38
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Air receivers contribute
to the safe operation of
pneumatic systems by:
– Providing storage of
adequate air to operate
the system
– Reducing pulsations in
the air that is delivered
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.39
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� When setting up a fluid power circuit, it is
safest to initially set:
– Pressure and flow control valves at their lowest
settings
– Directional controls in their normal or centered
position
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.40
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Machine controls should:
– Be located within easy reach of the operator in the
normal work area
– Be located away from moving parts
– Not interfere with the normal work surface used by
the operator
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.41
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Hydraulic circuits with accumulators should be
designed to automatically unload system
pressure during machine shut down
� This helps reduce the danger of unexpected
actuator movement caused by the release of
fluid stored in a charged accumulator
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.42
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� The safe operation of compact air tools requires
that users learn to respect their power and high
speed
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.43
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Air ratchet and sockets
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.44
Specific Fluid PowerSpecific Fluid PowerSafety FactorsSafety Factors
� Air impact wrench and sockets
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.45
Safety RequirementsSafety Requirementsand Programsand Programs
� A 1970 federal act resulted in the establishment
of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.46
Safety RequirementsSafety Requirementsand Programsand Programs
� OSHA regulates minimum requirements for
industries in areas such as:
– Fire protection
– Emergency medical treatment
– Use of personal protective equipment
– Accident record keeping and reporting
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.47
Review QuestionReview Question
What are three workplace elements important in
the prevention of accidents and cumulative
injuries?
A. Good equipment, B. shop layout, and
C. working conditions.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.48
Review QuestionReview Question
What are the three general factors that
employees must know if they are to safely
perform a job?
A. Steps necessary to perform the job, B. hazards
associated with the job, and C. required personal
protective equipment.
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.49
Review QuestionReview Question
List three general factors that can contribute to
accidents and injuries in an industrial setting.
A. Inattentive machine operators, B. inappropriate
equipment or processes, and C. defective or poorly
designed equipment.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.50
Review QuestionReview Question
It is critical that spilled oil be quickly cleaned up in a
shop area in order to reduce the:
A. possibility of accidents caused by falls on slippery floors.
B. accumulation of dirt and debris in the pooled oil.
C. fire hazard of oil-soaked materials.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.51
Review QuestionReview Question
A major difference between hydraulic and
pneumatic systems, which is important to
safety, is the _____ characteristic of gases.
compressibility
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.52
Review QuestionReview Question
Name three factors that are critical to the safe
installation and operation of actuators.
A. Proper selection of the component, B. correct
installation in the system, and C. protection from heat,
corrosion, abrasive dirt, and shock as it functions.
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.53
� Back injury
– An injury to the skeletal, muscular, or nervous-
system elements of the back associated with
lifting or other work-related activity.
GlossaryGlossary
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.54
GlossaryGlossary
� Earmuffs
– Devices designed to protect the hearing of the user by reducing the decibel level of sound reaching the inner ear. The device is made from sound-deadening materials that snugly fit over the ears.
� Earplugs
– Devices designed to protect the hearing of the user by reducing the decibel level of sound reaching the inner ear. The device is inserted into the outer ear canal.
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.55
GlossaryGlossary
� Equipment maintenance
– Service and repair work applied to equipment to assure expected performance and service life.
� Eye protection device
– Protective wear ranging from eyeglasses to full face shields that are designed to prevent eye injuries from caustic fluids, flying debris, or harmful light rays.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.56
GlossaryGlossary
� Hearing-protection devices
– Protective wear, including earplugs and earmuffs,
designed to prevent injury to the inner ear that could
result in hearing loss.
� Housekeeping
– A general term used to indicate the process of
keeping a workplace clean, orderly, and free from
clutter.
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.57
GlossaryGlossary
� Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA)
– Federal agency that establishes requirements for
safety, including safe and healthy working
conditions and the encouragement of employees to
follow safe working practices.