Chapter 5 Study AidBrought to you by Matthew Andresen

DNA also known as deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid, a macro molecule that holds information located in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. All DNA consists of nucleotides. These nucleotides consist of three components, a molecule of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base. DNA takes the shape of a double helix. Base pairs are the rungs on the structure, these are formed by hydrogen bonds. These base pairs are Adenine which bonds with Thymine, and Guanine which bonds to Cytosine.

DNA what is it and what does it do?

A gene is a section of the full set of DNA called the Genome. In eukaryotic cells this information is stored within the nucleus laid in long linear strands of DNA. However in the eukaryotic cell rather than being in long strands of DNA it exists as many smaller pieces called chromosomes that are much easier to manage. In humans for example there are three billion base pairs. Genes contain the necessary information for producing protein or RNA. Alleles are different versions of genes that have different characteristics.

Genes

The genes that an organism contains for a trait is called the genotype. The phenotype is the result of transcription and translation. Transcription is the process by which a copy of a gene’s base sequence is made. While translation is when the copy made is used to instruct production of a protein. Messenger RNA is like a middle man because it moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where messages are encoded to the mRNA molecules which build proteins.

How Genes Work

What is a Gene?Set of DNA present in an organism.Sequence of Bases in a DNA molecule that carries out information.A nice pair of pants.

POP QUIZ!!!

A Mutation is an occurrence that alters an organisms DNA. Mutations can effect organisms in a harmful way, have no effect and rarely but sometimes actually help the organism in a beneficial way. Point Mutations are mutations that occur when a nucleotide base pair in the DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide base pair or when it is inserted or deleted.

Mutation

1. Chop up the DNA from a donor species that exhibits the trait of interest.

2. Amplify the small amount of DNA into more useful quantities.

3. Insert the different DNA pieces into bacterial cells.

4. Grow separate bacterial colonies that have received the DNA containing the gene of interest.

5. Identify the bacterial colonies that have received the DNA containing the gene of interest.

The 5 steps of Biotechnology

Step 1: To begin this process the scientist must determine a trait that an organism has that they want to use. After selecting the trait the use of restriction enzymes is required to cut DNA into smaller pieces.Step2: To amplify DNA we use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which allows a small piece of DNA to be reproduced rapidly creating an unlimited amount.Step3: Inserting the foreign DNA from one species to another creates transgenic organisms which contain the DNA from the other species.Step4: Growing to increase the number of genetically modified bacteria is called cloning which means the production of genetically identical cells or organisms. Step5: Hybridization is a method to find the gene of interest. This process requires a DNA probe which is a short sequence of DNA that has the gene of interest located inside and some nucleotides that are modified to move radioactive elements.

The steps in greater detail

Disease Treatment through Stem Cells

Which of the following are NOT one of the 5 steps of Biotechnology?

AmplifyChopAcquireGrow

Final Quiz

Referenceshttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://genome-map.org/images/genome-dna-

seqencing.gif&imgrefurl=http://genome-map.org/&usg=__eyWQbf00OMqbVQisxaxaKvKrfwA=&h=481&w=400&sz=31&hl=en&start=0&tbnid=skY5KwIJDP2EmM:&tbnh=162&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgenome%2Bto%2Bgene%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1920%26bih%3D984%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=209&ei=NghfTI2mLsL7lwfjxqWXCA&oei=AQhfTLrdDoP48Aang9SyDQ&esq=11&page=1&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0&tx=68&ty=92

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=983lhh20rGY DNA Transcription and Protein Assembly

What is Life? A Guide to Biology by Jay Phelan

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrjwaqZfjIY&feature=player_embedded Scrubs the show

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kp0esidDr-c DNA Mutation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQ9M-r1dXcE&feature=related How To Gene Splice Animation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcCwZ4CsiKc Stem Cell Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease

Thanks for watching.

This concludes the Chapter 5 Study guide