chapter 50 an introduction to ecology and the...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 50
An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees. I speak for the trees, for the trees have no tongues.
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AP Biology
biosphere
ecosystem
community
population
Studying organisms in their environment
organism
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Components Abiotic = nonliving chemical & physical
factor
Biotic= living factors
Population = group of individuals of the same species in a particular geographical area
Community = assemblage of populations of different species
Ecosystem = all abiotic factors and the community of species in an area
Rachel Carson, 1962, Silent Spring
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Abiotic factors Temperature
Water
Sunlight
Wind
Rocks & Soil
Periodic disturbances
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AP Biology
A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with characteristic Climate
Soil
Plants
Animals
Interacting landscapes
Biome
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Terrestrial biomes
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AP Biology
Using
precipitation
and
temperature
to identify
biomes
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AP Biology
Northernmost biome Frozen layer of subsoil (permafrost)
Low-growing vegetation adapted to extreme cold/short growing season
Tundra
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AP Biology
Taiga
•Coniferous trees dominate the taiga, or
boreal forest
•Cold winters, short growing season, and
acidic, mineral-poor soil
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AP Biology
Large conifers
High precipitation
Temperate rain forest
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AP Biology
Temperate deciduous forest
Precipitation relatively high
Soils rich in organic matter
Broad-leaf trees that lose their leaves
seasonally dominate
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AP Biology
Deep, mineral-rich soil
Moderate but uncertain precipitation
Well suited to growing grain crops
Temperate Grassland
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AP Biology
Chaparral
Thickets of small-leaf evergreens
Climate of wet, mild winters and
dry summers
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AP Biology
Significance of precipitation in temperate
biomes
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AP Biology
Cold deserts in temperate climates
Warm deserts in subtropical or tropical regions
Low levels of precipitation
Organisms with specialized water-conserving adaptations
Desert
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AP Biology
Tropical grassland
Widely scattered trees interspersed with grassy areas
Occurs in topical areas with low or seasonal rainfall
Savanna
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AP Biology
Mineral-poor soil
High rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year
High species richness and high productivity
Tropical rain forest
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Aquatic biomes
Vertical stratification: photic zone = photosynthetic light
aphotic zone = little light
thermocline= narrow stratum of
rapid temperature change
benthic zone = bottom substrate
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Aquatic life divided into
Plankton
Free-floating organisms
Nekton
Strongly swimming organisms
Benthos
Bottom-dwelling organisms
Detritus
dead organic matter; food for benthic organisms
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Freshwater ecosystems include Flowing-water ecosystems
Streams and rivers
Standing-water ecosystems
Ponds and lakes
Freshwater wetlands
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Freshwater ecosystems include Streams and rivers
Ponds and lakes
Freshwater wetlands
Estuaries Coastal body of water with access to both the
ocean and fresh water from rivers
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Features
of a
typical
river
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Lake Classification
Oligotrophic~ deep, nutrient poor
Eutrophic~ shallow, high nutrient content
Mesotrophic~ moderate productivity
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Lake stratification & turnover Thermal stratification = vertical
temperature layering
Biannual mixing = spring and summer
Turnover = changing water temperature profiles; brings oxygenated water from the surface to the bottom and nutrient rich water form the bottom to the surface
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Marine biomes Intertidal zone = area where land meets water
Neritic zone = shallow regions over continental shelves
Oceanic zone = very deep water past the continental shelves
Pelagic zone = open water of any depth
Benthic zone = seafloor bottom
Abyssal zone = benthic region in deep oceans
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Zones in the
ocean
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Ecotone Transition zone where two communities meet
and overlap
Provide habitat diversity
Often inhabited by a greater variety and density of organisms than either adjacent community