chapter 6 cultural influences on contexts chapter 6 cultural influences on context
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Chapter 6
Cultural Influences on Context
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Cultural Influences on Context
• By nature all men are alike, but by education widely different.
—Chinese Saying • Live together like brothers and do business like strangers.
—Arab Proverb • If you are not in tune with the universe, there is sickness in the
heart and mind.
—Navajo Saying
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Learning Objectives
• perceive the relationship between culture and context
• perceive the relationship between communication and context
• understand the different attitudes and conversational structures of health care context
• summarize the different roles and behavioral patterns of educational context
• evaluate the different management concept and behavioral modes of business context
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Case 1 A Refusal of an Offer of Coffee
• Why did a refusal of coffee lead to the deadlock in the negotiations?
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Cultural Influences on Contexts
The Business Context D
Intercultural Negotiations E
The Educational Context C
The Health Care Context B
Understanding Context A
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
While-Class Learning: Text A
• Pre-reading Questions
What kinds of behaviors can be appropriate in the following contexts.
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Text A: Understanding Context
• communication context: cultural, social, and physical settings
• “frame (reference point)” : what specific actions should mean
what behaviors are to be expected
how to act appropriately and effectively
• Internalized cultural rules
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Text A
• Understanding Context
Three basic assumptions about human communication:
1. Communication is rule governed
2. Context specifies communication rules
3. Communication rules are culturally diverse
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
1. Communication is rule governed
• Communication rules prescribe proper behavior• Social settings stipulate rules• Culture makes the rules
• Rules cover both verbal and nonverbal behaviors • Rules specify what should be said, how it should be
said
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
2. Context specifies communication rules
Diverse contexts,
Different communication rules
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
3. Communication rules are culturally diverse
Different cultures, different rules.
• Dress
• Time
• Language
• Manners
• Nonverbal behavior
• Control of communication
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
While-Class Learning: Text B
• Pre-reading Activity
1. Recall your last visit to a doctor.
2. Identify the typical features in the Chinese medical context.
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
While-Class Learning: Text B
• The Health Care Context
1. Culture’s influence on the health care context
2. Family roles in the health care context
3. Conversational structures and language
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
1. Culture’s influence on the health care context
• Three basic health belief systems
Biomedical System
Personalistic System
Naturalistic System
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
a. Biomedical System
• Objective diagnosis• Scientific explanation of disease• Illness: abnormalities in functioning or structure• Treatment
destroy/remove causative agent
repair affected body part
control affected body system
European American cultures
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
b. Personalistic System
• Health and illness: linked to supernatural forces
• Disease: result of active intervention by supernatural being, nonhuman being, or human
• Treatment: sooth/remove problematic supernatural forces
Some African, many Asian cultures, Latino
and African American cultures
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
c. Naturalistic System
• Health and illness: result of impersonal forces or conditions, an upset in balance of body elements
• Disease: result from disequilibria
• Treatment: restore balance
The ancient Chinese principle of yin and yang
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
2. Family roles in the health care context
• Guidelines: how to perceive and communicate
a. dominance patterns
the United States: individual patient
collectivist cultures: family members
b. modesty (bodily displays for women)
Latina women: not permitted to undress for an examination by male physicians/nurses
Arab women: shy about disrobing for examinations
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
3. Conversational structures and language
• Latinos and Arabs: extensive small talk• Native Americans: extensive periods of silence• Asians and Asian Americans: indirection or other
face-saving strategies• Individualistic and low-context cultures: important
to communicate verbally• Collectivistic and high-context cultures: avoid
conversing with physicians during medical interviews
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
While-Class Learning: Text C
• The Educational Context
1. Culture’s influence on the educational context
2. Classroom interaction
a. role behaviors in class
b. classroom discussion and participation
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
While-Class Learning: Text D
• The Business Context 1. Cultural views toward management
a. North American
b. European
c. Asian
d. Latin
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
1.a. North American Management Styles
• resent interference• strong work ethic• friendly and informal• competitive and aggressive• manager: a high status, a cultural hero
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
1.b. European Management Styles
• Germany:
1) detailed information and instruction to guide
2) do not need to motivate
3) authoritarian leadership style• France:
1) rules, regulations, and principles
2) authoritarian
3) autocratic• Britain:
1) diplomatic, tactful, laid back, casual, reasonable, helpful
2) compromise, fair
3) friendly small talk, casual approach to work
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
1.c. Asian Management Styles
• China:
1) harmony
2) kinship, interpersonal connections, face, and power
3) seniority: main source of power, from age and length of service• Japan:
1) harmonious integration of all members
2) organization: a large extended family
3) acceptance of hierarchy, sense of obligation, consensual decision making
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Cultural Views Toward Management
Diverse Cultures Management StylesNorth American
American
European German
French
British
Asian Chinese
Japanese
Latino Mexican and Latin American
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
While-Class Learning: Text D
• The Business Context 2. Business Protocol
a. initial contacts
b. greeting behaviors
c. gift giving
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
a. Initial Contacts
• American:
1) socialization is unimportant
2) not interested in long-term relationships
3) trust in counterparts
• Chinese:
1) establish contacts
2) socializing is integral
3) long-term business or personal relationships
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
b. Greeting Behaviors
• American:
1) informal and friendly
2) shaking hands
3) first names used, except senior persons or formal situations
4) business cards exchanged in business settings
• Chinese:
1) slight bow and brief shake of hands
2) social status and rank highly honored
3) business cards
4) family name
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
c. Gift Giving
• American: 1) akin to bribery
2) letters of thanks
3) a small token: flowers, a plant, or a bottle of wine
• Japanese:
1) very common
2) do not open gifts
3) flowers, cakes, or candy when visiting
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
While-Class Learning: Text E
• Intercultural Negotiations
1. Pacing
2. Negotiation Styles
3. Variations in Decision-making
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
1. Pacing
America Latin America
business conducted
lightning speed much slower pace
contracts signed
common during the first meeting
several trips to accomplish
decisions made
middle managers several people
Some cultures:
Personal relationships take priority over the product or service, business does not begin until friendships are established.
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
2. Negotiation Styles
Negotiation styles
Americans Efficiency, directness; ready to bargain or compromise; logical arguments
British Similar to Americans, but more silence, interrupt less; friendly, sociable, flexible
French Most difficult of Europeans; long-winded; relish debate, confrontational and competitive
Germans Not compromise; clear, firm and assertive; frequently interrupt
Japanese Long pauses, silence; harmony
Chinese Avoid conflict; long-term relationships; face-saving; status; indirect, silence; smile
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
3. Variations in Decision-making
Variations in decision-making
Americans Problem solvers; rational thinking and concrete data, factual inductive
French Debate; conservative, safe decision-makers; decisions made by top authorities
Japanese Level expertise; consensus-building process
Chinese More authoritative than consensual;
Chapter 6 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Thank You