chapter 6 section 2 the roman empire. key terms civil war julius caesar triumvirate augustus pax...
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Problems in the Late Republic Rome had no rival 100BC Tension between classes Tribune Gracchi-soldiers reduced to poverty Tiberius- younger brother gave them public landsTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 6SECTION 2
The Roman Empire
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Key Terms
Civil WarJulius CaesarTriumvirateAugustusPax Romana
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Problems in the Late Republic
Rome had no rival 100BC
Tension between classes
Tribune Gracchi-soldiers reduced to poverty
Tiberius- younger brother gave them public lands
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Social Unrest
Roman elite did not like it
Senate urged mobs to kill Tiberius and Garius
First time Roman blood shed in the Forum
Violence becomes a political tool
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The Military in Politics
• Breakdown in the military
• Replaced citizen soldier• Eliminated property
restriction for joining the military
• Poor hoped to share the plunder
• Private forces devoted to general
• Tool to increase their power
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Rome Becomes an Empire
• 60 BC led for the next ten years
• First triumvirate– Julius Caesar (Gaul
modern France)– Gnaeus Pompey
(syria, Asia Minor)– Licinius Crassius
• Caesar and Pompey military commanders
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Rome Becomes an Empire
Crassus one of the wealthiest in Rome
Crassus diesCaesar and Pompey
fight a civil warSenate declared Caesar
dictator for life.Gave citizenship to
people in provincesExpanded the Senate,
adding friend and supporters
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Rome Becomes an Empire
Gave public land to veterans
Senators thought he would destroy Rome
Senate murders Caesar Ides of March
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The Second Triumvirate
Octavia, Marc Anthony, Lepidus
Lepidus pushed asideOctavia and Anthony
fight civil warOctavia wins defeats
Anthony and Cleopatra
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From Octavia to Augustus
Octavia sole rulerCreated political
orderPrinceps or first
citizenSenate gave title of
Augustus “the revered one”
Given the right to wear a crown and laurel
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The Augustan Age
Augustus lead for 49 years
Divided power with the Senate
Conquests in Spain and Gaul and the Danube River
Set up civil serviceCreated police force,
fire brigade
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The Augustan Age
“I found Rome built of bricks. I leave her clothed in marble.”
Made moral and religious reforms
Produced many great writers
Poets Horace and Ovid
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The Good Emperors
The Empire grew tremendously
Trajan Rome was its largest
Hadrian- withdrew and built defensive fortifications
73 mile long wall in Britian
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The Pax Romana
27 BC to AD 180- called Roman peace
Stable government Strong legal system Widespread trade
Peace enduredGovernment seldom
interrupted by war or invasion
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Pax Romana
• Government– Strongest unifying force– Maintained order– Enforced the laws– Defended frontiers
• Members of Aristocracy participated in government
• Emperors made important decisions
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Pax Romana
Empire divided into provinces
Provincial government fairer, more efficient
Cities governed like Rome
Senate, magistrates, Theatres, public baths, temples
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Legal System
Unified the EmpireSpecifies what could
or could not be donePunishmentsApplied to all citizens
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Trade and Transportation
Agriculture primary occupation
Independent farmersManufacturing
increased Spain, Gaul, Italy
made cheap pottery and textiles
Alexandria- glassware
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Trade and Transportation
• Imported– Grain, wheat– Meat– Raw materials– Silk, linens– Glassware and jewelry
• Rome’s location• 50,000 miles of roads• Built for military• Cheaper to send by
ship
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Slaves and Captivity
Important to Roman economy
Made more use of slaves than previous civilizations
Property of ownersHealthy males forced
to become gladiators1 million slaves lost
their lives attempting freedom
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Gods and Goddesses
Numina-powerful sprits worshipped by early Romans
Lares- guardian of the spirits of each family
Government and religion were linked
Jupiter- father of the gods
Worship of the emperor became part of religion
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Society and Culture
Rich lived extravagantly
Large sums of money on homes, gardens and slaves
Gave banquets that lasted for hours Served ostrich egg Served parrot tongue
Most people unemployed
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Society and Culture
Government gave daily ration of grain
People lived in tenements
For a distraction government provided Games, races gladiator
contests 150 holidays a year Colosseum would fill
with 50,000 people
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Society and Culture
Rich and poor attended the games
Animal shows Bears and tigers would
fight Animals from distant
lands Gladiators fought
animals Gladiators fought each
other to the death