Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

The Periodic Table• Dmitri Mendeleev is credited with

being the father of the periodic table

Mendeleev’s Table• Mendeleev’s Periodic Table was

arranged by the elements’ Atomic Mass.

• Element 101 in the Periodic Table is named in his honor.

Modern Periodic Table• Today’s Periodic Table is arranged by

the elements’ Atomic Number.• Elements with similar properties are

placed in the same column on the periodic table.

Modern Periodic Table• The columns are called groups• The rows are called periods

Modern Periodic TablePractice: Find the period and

group of the following elements:

Period Group• Ca _____ _____• Al _____ _____• Zr _____ _____• Xe _____ _____• Ra _____ _____• U _____ _____

Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids

Metals• Three or fewer electrons in the outer

energy level• Good conductors of heat and

electricity• Malleable (shapeable)• Metals are hard solids with

shiny surfaces

Nonmetals• Five or more electrons in the outer

energy level• Poor conductors of heat and

electricity• Most are gases or brittle solids• Dull surfaces

Metalloids• These are elements that have

properties of metals and nonmetals.

PP: Identify the following elements as metals, nonmetals, metalloids:

a) Sulfur (S)b) Hydrogen (H)c) Chromium (Cr)d) Tellurium (Te)

1 2 3 4

5 67 8

9 10

Family Names

•Alkali metalsAlkali metals

Family Names

•Alkaline earth metalsAlkaline earth metals

Family Names

•Transition metalsTransition metals

Family Names

•Boron groupBoron group

Family Names

•Carbon groupCarbon group

Family Names

•Nitrogen groupNitrogen group

Family Names

•ChalcogenChalcogen

Family Names

•HalogensHalogens

Family Names

•Noble gasesNoble gases

Family Names

•LanthanoidsLanthanoids

Family Names

•ActinoidsActinoids

So What’s The Deal With The Shape?

• The distribution of electrons around an atom was used to create the shape of the Periodic Table.

6.3 Periodic Trends• The radii or atoms increases from

top to bottom and right to left.

• PP: Which has the largest radius:– Magnesium (Mg)– Silicon (Si)– Sulfur (S)– Sodium (Na)

• The factors that affect the size of an atom are:– Nuclear charge – Number of energy

levels

• The radius of positive ions (cation) is smaller than that of the parent atom.

• The radius of negative ions (anion) is larger than that of the parent atom.

+

Atom Ion

-

Atom Ion

Ionic Radii

PP: Identify the larger particle:a) Na Na+

b) Cl Cl-

c) O O2-

d) Al Al3+

e) Ca Ca2+

Ionization Energy• Ionization energy is the energy

required to remove an electron from an atom.

• PP: Which has the largest ionization energy?– Magnesium (Mg)– Silicon (Si)– Sulfur (S)– Sodium (Na)

Factors Affecting Ionization Energy

A strong nuclear charge will increase ionization energy.

Strong shielding effect will decrease ionization energy.

A full octet will increase ionization energy.

Ionization Energy of sodium, magnesium, and aluminum:

Na 496 4563 6913 9541Mg 737 1450 7731 10545Al577 1,816 2,881 11,600

Explain the discrepancy in ionization energy.

Electronegativity• Electronegativity is the ability

of an atom to attract the electrons from another atom.

• PP: Which has the largest electronegativity:– Magnesium (Mg)– Silicon (Si)– Sulfur (S)– Sodium (Na)