The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

The Father of the Periodic TableThe Father of the Periodic Table—Dimitri Mendeleev—Dimitri Mendeleev

Mendeleev was the first scientist to notice Mendeleev was the first scientist to notice the relationship between the elementsthe relationship between the elements Arranged his periodic table by atomic massArranged his periodic table by atomic mass Said properties of unknown elements could be Said properties of unknown elements could be

predicted by the properties of elements around predicted by the properties of elements around the missing elementthe missing element

Moseley later discovered that the periodic Moseley later discovered that the periodic nature of the elements was associated nature of the elements was associated with atomic number, not atomic masswith atomic number, not atomic mass

Valence ElectronsValence Electrons

Outermost (last shell) electrons in an Outermost (last shell) electrons in an atomatom

Electrons available for interactions Electrons available for interactions with valence electrons of other with valence electrons of other atoms in chemical reactionsatoms in chemical reactions

Metalloid Metalloid

Six elements: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Six elements: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony and TelluriumArsenic, Antimony and Tellurium

Elements found along the stair-step line Elements found along the stair-step line that separates metals from non-metals.that separates metals from non-metals.

Chemical elements with properties that Chemical elements with properties that are in-between or a mixture of those of are in-between or a mixture of those of metals and nonmetalsmetals and nonmetals

Have a metallic appearance but they are Have a metallic appearance but they are brittle and only fair conductors of brittle and only fair conductors of electricityelectricity

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Column = Group or Family

18 columns on the Periodic Table

Row = Period

7 rows on the Periodic Table

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metals, Nonmetals, and Semi-metalsSemi-metals

Metals are to the left of the stair-

step

Hydrogen

Onlynonmetal on

the metal side

Nonmetals are on the right of the stair-step

Semi-metals,

“metalloids,”

touch the stair-step

•Luster describes the way a surface reflects light…therefore metallic luster would be shiny like a metal object.•Malleable means to be able to press or pound the substance into sheets or different shapes.

What is luster, malleable and ductile?

•Ductile means that the substance can be drawn out into thin wires.

The Groups of the Periodic The Groups of the Periodic TableTable

Group 1: The Alkali MetalsGroup 1: The Alkali MetalsMost reactive metals on the PTMost reactive metals on the PTReactive in water and air thus stored in Reactive in water and air thus stored in

oiloilRarely found free in natureRarely found free in natureCharge of +1: 1 valence electron (1 Charge of +1: 1 valence electron (1

electron in the outer shell)electron in the outer shell)

The Groups of the Periodic The Groups of the Periodic TableTable

Group 2: The Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2: The Alkaline Earth MetalsStill quite reactiveStill quite reactiveReact with water to form bases and React with water to form bases and

hydrogen gas hydrogen gas Have a silvery lusterHave a silvery lusterGood conductors of heat and Good conductors of heat and

electricity electricity Charge of +2: 2 valence electrons (2 Charge of +2: 2 valence electrons (2

electrons in outer shell)electrons in outer shell)

T he Groups of the Periodic T he Groups of the Periodic TableTable

Groups 3-12: Transition MetalsGroups 3-12: Transition MetalsFound freely and in compounds in natureFound freely and in compounds in natureGreat conductors of electricity Great conductors of electricity Mixed with paints to achieve bright colorsMixed with paints to achieve bright colors include radioactive elements 89 through 109include radioactive elements 89 through 109 include Mercury, the only metal that is liquid include Mercury, the only metal that is liquid

at room temperature at room temperature Have a silvery luster, except Copper and Have a silvery luster, except Copper and

Gold Gold Charge is usually 2 but can vary—usually 2 Charge is usually 2 but can vary—usually 2

valence electrons (2 in outer shell)valence electrons (2 in outer shell)

T he Groups of the Periodic T he Groups of the Periodic TableTable

Group 13: Boron FamilyGroup 13: Boron FamilyMetallic (except Boron, which is a solid Metallic (except Boron, which is a solid

metalloid) metalloid) Scarce in nature (except Aluminum, Scarce in nature (except Aluminum,

which is the most abundant metallic which is the most abundant metallic elementelement

Charge is +3: 3 valence electronsCharge is +3: 3 valence electrons

The Groups of the Periodic The Groups of the Periodic TableTable

Group 14: The Carbon FamilyGroup 14: The Carbon FamilyContains elements that can form Contains elements that can form

unusual bonds (Carbon and Silicon)unusual bonds (Carbon and Silicon) Includes a nonmetal (Carbon), two Includes a nonmetal (Carbon), two

metalloids (Silicon and Germanium) and metalloids (Silicon and Germanium) and two metals (Tin and Lead) two metals (Tin and Lead)

Relatively unreactiveRelatively unreactiveCharge is +4 or -4: contains 4 valence Charge is +4 or -4: contains 4 valence

electronselectrons

T he Groups of the Periodic T he Groups of the Periodic TableTableGroup 15: The Nitrogen FamilyGroup 15: The Nitrogen Family

Consists of two nonmetals (Nitrogen and Consists of two nonmetals (Nitrogen and Phosphorus), two metalloids (Arsenic and Phosphorus), two metalloids (Arsenic and Antimony), and one metal (Bismuth) Antimony), and one metal (Bismuth)

Nitrogen is most commonly found as Nitrogen is most commonly found as atmospheric gasatmospheric gas

Range from very abundant elements Range from very abundant elements (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) to relatively (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) to relatively rare elements (Arsenic, Antimony, and rare elements (Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) Bismuth)

Solids at room temperature, except Solids at room temperature, except NitrogenNitrogen

Charge is -3: contains 5 valence electronsCharge is -3: contains 5 valence electrons

The Groups of the Periodic The Groups of the Periodic TableTable

Group 16: The Oxygen Family Group 16: The Oxygen Family Consists of three nonmetals (Oxygen, Consists of three nonmetals (Oxygen,

Sulfur, and Selenium), one metalloid Sulfur, and Selenium), one metalloid (Tellurium), and one metal (Polonium)(Tellurium), and one metal (Polonium)

Also known as the ChalcogensAlso known as the ChalcogensCharge is -2: 6 valence electronsCharge is -2: 6 valence electrons

T he Groups of the Periodic T he Groups of the Periodic TableTable

Group 17: The HalogensGroup 17: The HalogensMost reactive nonmetals, with Fluorine Most reactive nonmetals, with Fluorine

being the most reactive of all nonmetalsbeing the most reactive of all nonmetalsFound in the rocks of Earth's crust and Found in the rocks of Earth's crust and

dissolved in sea water dissolved in sea water Exist as a gas at room temperature (FExist as a gas at room temperature (F22 and and

ClCl22), a liquid (Br), a liquid (Br22), and a solid (I), and a solid (I22 and At) and At) Charge is -1: 7 valence electronsCharge is -1: 7 valence electrons

T he Groups of the Periodic T he Groups of the Periodic TableTable

Group 18: The Noble Gases (The Inert Group 18: The Noble Gases (The Inert Gases)Gases)Nonreactive Nonreactive Colorless gasesColorless gasesNonmetalNonmetalCharge is 0: 2 or 8 valence electrons- Charge is 0: 2 or 8 valence electrons-

have a full outer energy level have a full outer energy level

Special Rows on the PTSpecial Rows on the PT

Lanthanides

Actinides

Lanthanides FamilyLanthanides Family Very reactive; burns easily in airVery reactive; burns easily in air 15 soft metals15 soft metals Once called the Rare Earth ElementsOnce called the Rare Earth Elements Relatively abundant in Earth's crustRelatively abundant in Earth's crust Found in Row 6 of the periodic table between Found in Row 6 of the periodic table between

Groups 3 and 4Groups 3 and 4 Occur together in nature, and they are very Occur together in nature, and they are very

difficult to separate from each otherdifficult to separate from each otherSilvery-white metals that tarnish when Silvery-white metals that tarnish when

exposed to air, forming their oxidesexposed to air, forming their oxides

Actinides FamilyActinides Family

All are radioactive. All are radioactive. 15 very dense metals- tarnish in air. 15 very dense metals- tarnish in air. Actinides combine directly with most Actinides combine directly with most

nonmetalsnonmetals