chapter 6: the skeletal syste m
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Chapter 6: The Skeletal Syste m. By: Ashley Ambroise Ashley Hernandez Laura Alzate. Functions of the Skeleton. Supports the body The skeleton protects soft body part The skeleton produces blood cells The skeleton stores minerals and fats - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 6:THE SKELETAL
SYSTEMBy: Ashley Ambroise
Ashley Hernandez
Laura Alzate
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
Supports the bodyThe skeleton protects soft body partThe skeleton produces blood cellsThe skeleton stores minerals and fatsThe skeleton along with the muscles permits flexible body movement
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TYPES OF BONE
Spongy • Can be referred as cancellous bone, contains numerous
bony bars and plates called trabeculae. Even though it is lighter than compact bone it is designed for strength.
Compact• Can also be referred to as dense bone, it contains many
cylinder shaped units called osteons. The osteocytes (bone cells) are in tiny chambers called lacunae that occur between concentric layers of matrix called lamellae. The matrix contains collagenous protein fibers and mineral deposits, primarily calcium and phosphorus salts.
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Long bones are longer than they are wideShort bones are cube shaped; their length and widths are about equalFlat bones are plate like and have a broad surfacesIrregular bones have varied shapes with many places for connections with other bonesRound bones are circular
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BONE GROWTH AND REPAIR• Osteoprgenitor cells
• Unspecialized cells present in the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum and in the central canal of compact bone
• Osteoblasts• Bone forming cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells and are
responsible for secreting by matrix characteristic of bone• Osteocytes
• Mature cells derived from osteoblasts, once surrounded by the matrix they become the osteocytes in bone.
• Osteoclasts• Thought to be derived from monocytes, a type of white blood cell
present in red bone marrow. They perform bone resorption.
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B ONE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
Ossification• The formation of the bone
• The bones of the of the skeleton form during embryonic development in two distinctive ways
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1 : IN TR AM EM BR AN OU S OSSIF ICATIO N
The bone develops between sheets of the fibrous connective tissue.
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2 : ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
Most bones are formed by this process
Hyaline cartilage models which appear during fetal development, are replaced by bone as developing continues
During this process of the long bone the cartilage begins to break down in the center if the diaphusis which is now covered by a periosteum.
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REMODELING OF THE BONES
In the adult, bone is continually being broken down and built up again
Adults need at least as much calcium in the diet as do actively growing children (1,000-1,500 mg daily)
Growth of the bone involve over 20 different known hormones other messenger chemicals. 3 of the most important hormones that regulates bone growth are parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and growth hormone.
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BONE REPAIR
Hematoma- within six to 8 hours after a fracture blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma in the space between the broken bones
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Fibrocartilaginous callus- tissue repair begins and the fibrocartilage fills the space between the ends of the broken bone for about three weeks
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Bony Callus- osteoblasts produce trabeculae of spongy bone and convert the fibrocartilaginous callus to a bony callus that joins the broken bones together and lasts about three to four months
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Remodeling- osteoblasts build new compact bone at the periphery, and the osteoclasts reabsorb the spongy bone, creating a new medullary cavity.
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REPAIR OF A BROKEN BONE
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OSTEOPOROSIS
a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.
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AXIAL SKELETON
The axial skeleton lies in the midline of the body and consists of the skull, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column and the thoracic cage.
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SKULL
The skull is formed by cranium and the facial bone. The cranium includes the frontal bone, two parietal bones, one occipital bone, two temporal bones, one sphenoid bone and one ethmoid bone
The facial bones include two maxillae, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, two lacrimal bones, two nasal bones, the vomer bone, two inferior nasal conchae, and the mandible.
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THE HYOID BONE
U shaped bone that is located in the neck. It anchors the tongue and does not articulate with any other bone
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE)
The typical vertebra has a body, a vertebral arch surrounding there vertebral formen, and a spinous process. The first two vertebrae are the atlas and axis.
The vertebral column has four curvatures and contains the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae.
Cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are separated by intervertebral disks.
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THE RIB CAGE
The rib cage contains the thoracic vertebrae, ribs and associated cartilages and the sternum
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Consists of the bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
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THE PECTORAL
The pectoral (shoulder) girdle contains two clavicles and two scapulae
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THE UPPER LIMB
The upper limb contains the humorous, the radius, the ulna and the bones of the hand
• The carpals, the metacarpals and the phalanges
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THE PELVIC GIRDLE
Contains two coxal bones as well as the sacrum and the coccyx. The female pelvis is generally wider and more shallow than the male pelvis
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THE LOWER LIMB
The lower limb contains the femur, the patella, the tibia, the fibula, and the bones of the foot
• Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
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JOINTS (ARTICULATIONS)
Joints are the regions of articulation between bones.
They are classified according ro their structure and or their degree of movement. Some joints are immovable and some are freely movable (synovial)
The different kinds of synovial joints are ball and socket, hinge, condyloid, pivot, gliding and saddle
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JOINTS
Movements at joints are broadly classified as angular
• Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
Classified as circular• Circumduction, rotation, supination and pronation
Classified as Special • Inversion, eversion, elevation, and depression
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EFFECTS OF AGING
Two of the main effects of aging on the skeletal system are arthritis and osteoporosis
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HOMEOSTASIS
The bones protect the internal organs
The rib cage protects the heart and lungs
The skull protects the brain
The vertebrae protects the spinal cord
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The bones assist all phases of respiration
The rib cage assist the breathing process, and the red bone marrow produces the red blood cells that transport oxygen
The bones also store and release calcium.
Calcium ions play a major role in muscle contraction and nerve conduction
Calcium ions also help regulate cellular metabolism
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The bones assist the lymphatic system and immunity
The red bone marrow produces not only the red blood cells but also the white blood cells
The bones assist in digestion. • The jaw contains sockets for the teeth which chew
food and a place of attachment for the muscles that move the jaw
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The skeleton is necessary for locomotion
Locomotion is efficient in human beings because they have a jointed skeleton for the attachment of muscles that move bones.
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JEOPARDY!
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